Decisions and indecisions: political and intellectual receptions of Carl Schmitt

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General Attention Mechanism for Artificial Intelligence Systems

In the domain of intelligent systems, the management of mental resources is typically called “attention”. Attention exists because all moderately complex environments – and the real-world environments of everyday life in particular – are a source of vastly greater information than can be processed in real-time by available cognitive resources of any known intelligence, human or otherwise. General-purpose artificial intelligence (AI) systems operating with limited resources under time-constraints in such environments must select carefully which information will be processed and which will be ignored. Even in the (rare) cases where sufficient resources may be available, attention could help make better use of them. All real-world tasks come with time limits, and managing these is a key part of the role of intelligence. Many AI researchers ignore this fact. As a result, the majority of existing AI architectures is incorrectly based on an (explicit or implicit) assumption of infinite or sufficient computational resources. Attention has not yet been recognized as a key cognitive process of AI systems and in particular not of artificial general intelligence systems. This dissertation argues for the absolute necessity of an attention mechanism for artificial general intelligence (AGI) architectures. We examine several issues related to attention and resource management, review prior work on these topics in cognitive psychology and AI, and present a design for a general attention mechanism for AGI systems. The proposed design – inspired by constructivist AI methodologies – aims at architectural and modal independence, and comprehensively addresses and integrates all principal factors associated with attention to date.Stjórnun og ráðstöfun hugarafls í greindum kerfum er oftast kölluð "athygli". Athygli er til staðar þar sem öll flókin umhverfi – sérstaklega raunheimurinn – eru uppspretta margfalt meiri upplýsingamagns en nokkur vitsmunavera getur unnið úr í rauntíma. Kerfi með alhliða gervigreind, sem starfa með takmarkaða reiknigetu undir margvíslegum tímaskorðum, verða að velja vandlega hvaða upplýsingum þau vinna úr og hvaða upplýsingar þau leiða hjá sér. Jafnvel í þeim (sjaldgæfu) tilfellum þar sem næganleg reiknigeta gæti verið til staðar gæti athygli bætt nýtingu hennar. Öll verkefni í raunheiminum hafa tímaskorður og meðhöndlun þeirra skorða er eitt lykilhlutverk greindar. Fjöldi rannsakenda á sviði gervigreindar hafa þó hunsað þessa staðreynd og þar af leiðandi er meirihluti þeirra gervigreindarkerfa sem hafa verið smíðuð ranglega byggður á þeirri forsendu að kerfin búi yfir óendanlegri reiknigetu. Athygli hefur hingað til ekki fengið verðskuldaða áherslu sem lykilatriði í hönnun og hugarferli gervigreindarkerfa. Í þessari ritgerð er sýnt fram á að athygli er algjörlega nauðsynleg alhliða gervigreindarkerfum. Margvísleg málefni tengd athygli og stjórnun aðfanga (reiknigetu, minnis og tíma) eru rannsökuð, farið er yfir fyrri rannsóknir í hugfræði og gervigreind og hönnun alhliða athyglisstýringar fyrir gervigreindarkerfi er kynnt til sögunnar. Aðferðafræði sjálfsþróunar við gerð gervigreindarkerfa er fylgt í hönnuninni, og reynt er að fylgja leiðum sem eru óháðar arkitektúr og skynrása kerfisins, og jafnframt nálgast á heildrænan hátt alla helstu þætti sem hafa hingað til verið tengdir athygli.This work was supported in part by the EU-funded project HUMANOBS: Humanoids That Learn Socio-Communicative Skills Through Observation, contract no. FP7-STREP-231453 (www.humanobs.org), and by grants from Rannís, Iceland

Towards Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) in the Internet of Things (IoT): Opportunities and Challenges

Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), possessing the capacity to comprehend, learn, and execute tasks with human cognitive abilities, engenders significant anticipation and intrigue across scientific, commercial, and societal arenas. This fascination extends particularly to the Internet of Things (IoT), a landscape characterized by the interconnection of countless devices, sensors, and systems, collectively gathering and sharing data to enable intelligent decision-making and automation. This research embarks on an exploration of the opportunities and challenges towards achieving AGI in the context of the IoT. Specifically, it starts by outlining the fundamental principles of IoT and the critical role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in IoT systems. Subsequently, it delves into AGI fundamentals, culminating in the formulation of a conceptual framework for AGI's seamless integration within IoT. The application spectrum for AGI-infused IoT is broad, encompassing domains ranging from smart grids, residential environments, manufacturing, and transportation to environmental monitoring, agriculture, healthcare, and education. However, adapting AGI to resource-constrained IoT settings necessitates dedicated research efforts. Furthermore, the paper addresses constraints imposed by limited computing resources, intricacies associated with large-scale IoT communication, as well as the critical concerns pertaining to security and privacy

University of Windsor Graduate Calendar 2000-2002

https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/universitywindsorgraduatecalendars/1018/thumbnail.jp

Intellectual Property Management in Health and Agricultural Innovation: A Handbook of Best Practices, Vol. 1

Prepared by and for policy-makers, leaders of public sector research establishments, technology transfer professionals, licensing executives, and scientists, this online resource offers up-to-date information and strategies for utilizing the power of both intellectual property and the public domain. Emphasis is placed on advancing innovation in health and agriculture, though many of the principles outlined here are broadly applicable across technology fields. Eschewing ideological debates and general proclamations, the authors always keep their eye on the practical side of IP management. The site is based on a comprehensive Handbook and Executive Guide that provide substantive discussions and analysis of the opportunities awaiting anyone in the field who wants to put intellectual property to work. This multi-volume work contains 153 chapters on a full range of IP topics and over 50 case studies, composed by over 200 authors from North, South, East, and West. If you are a policymaker, a senior administrator, a technology transfer manager, or a scientist, we invite you to use the companion site guide available at http://www.iphandbook.org/index.html The site guide distills the key points of each IP topic covered by the Handbook into simple language and places it in the context of evolving best practices specific to your professional role within the overall picture of IP management

Measurement of challenge and self-efficacy in learning

Students’ perceived self-efficacy is an important factor in determining their educational success. Those with high self-efficacy are likely to engage readily in learning activities, and to persist with their studies in the face of adversity. Those with low self-efficacy may shy away from engagement in activities that they perceive as challenging, and may give up when problems are encountered. The perceived difficulty of learning tasks is also important. If there is insufficient challenge, students might not value the learning and thus disengage. However, if the material is too challenging, learners may lose confidence in their ability to master the material and may also disengage. Getting the level of challenge right is thus a key factor in designing learning experiences that will engage learners and build their confidence in their ability to master challenges in their future.This thesis investigates the possibility of providing educators with objective evidence of students’ self-efficacy and the perceived challenge of the learning activities in a course. The investigation includes both theoretical and practical perspectives.The theoretical perspective involves the derivation of a formal measurement model, together with its theoretical and conceptual underpinnings. When the assumptions of the model hold, the model produces objective linear measurement from ordinal data, accompanied by estimates of uncertainty, conjointly for students’ self-efficacy and the challenge of activities. A comprehensive framework of hypotheses is developed to test the assumptions of the model, from the theoretical quantifiability of the constructs, through to fitness for purpose. A software implementation of the model is developed and evaluated from theoretical and empirical perspectives. Evidence of construct validity is provided. The measurement model used required a reimagining of measurement theory from an information theoretic point of view. This point of view adds to the theoretical understanding of measurement when items with multiple categories are used.The practical perspective involves the development of conceptual and representational frameworks that are readily understood and interpretable by educators. The key elements are the use of multiple output representations, the use of appropriate analogies and metaphors, the mapping of statistical and information theoretic terms and constructs to equivalents that are more familiar to educators, and the reimagining of reliability as a measure of fitness for purpose. Two alternative approaches to the measurement of self-efficacy are investigated: one based on direct reporting, and one based on inference from engagement in activities. Both are found suitable for the measurement of self-efficacy.The model is robust under the introduction of random noise and violation of the core assumption of local independence. Relatively few subjects and items arerequired to achieve useful measurement accuracy and this can be achieved inrealistic educational settings. Overall, it was found that measurement of selfefficacy is both practical and useful in a realistic educational setting

Promoting Statistical Practice and Collaboration in Developing Countries

"Rarely, but just often enough to rebuild hope, something happens to confound my pessimism about the recent unprecedented happenings in the world. This book is the most recent instance, and I think that all its readers will join me in rejoicing at the good it seeks to do. It is an example of the kind of international comity and collaboration that we could and should undertake to solve various societal problems. This book is a beautiful example of the power of the possible. [It] provides a blueprint for how the LISA 2020 model can be replicated in other fields. Civil engineers, or accountants, or nurses, or any other profession could follow this outline to share expertise and build capacity and promote progress in other countries. It also contains some tutorials for statistical literacy across several fields. The details would change, of course, but ideas are durable, and the generalizations seem pretty straightforward. This book shows every other profession where and how to stand in order to move the world. I urge every researcher to get a copy!" —David Banks from the Foreword Promoting Statistical Practice and Collaboration in Developing Countries provides new insights into the current issues and opportunities in international statistics education, statistical consulting, and collaboration, particularly in developing countries around the world. The book addresses the topics discussed in individual chapters from the perspectives of the historical context, the present state, and future directions of statistical training and practice, so that readers may fully understand the challenges and opportunities in the field of statistics and data science, especially in developing countries. Features • Reference point on statistical practice in developing countries for researchers, scholars, students, and practitioners • Comprehensive source of state-of-the-art knowledge on creating statistical collaboration laboratories within the field of data science and statistics • Collection of innovative statistical teaching and learning techniques in developing countries Each chapter consists of independent case study contributions on a particular theme that are developed with a common structure and format. The common goal across the chapters is to enhance the exchange of diverse educational and action-oriented information among our intended audiences, which include practitioners, researchers, students, and statistics educators in developing countries