15,287 research outputs found
Road Pricing: Old Beliefs, Present Awareness and Future Research Patterns
The theoretical evolution of academic beliefs and practical policymakers' perceptions of road pricing (from now on rp) as an instrument of efficient and equitable allocation of resources are described and analysed. The aim of the paper is to reconstruct the logical evolution of the theory behind rp in order to understand why there has been scarce policy impact in spite of a long theoretical tradition. In so doing I try to bring to the fore the fundamental issues that will have to be tackled by future research in order to generate consensus around this policy instrument. The paper is structured in four parts. In the first part the fundamental issues of a typical rp model are considered. Among the most important aspects one recalls: first-best/second-best environment, short/long term analysis, homogeneous/heterogeneous time evaluation, perfect/imperfect information, efficiency/equity analysis, use/non-use of resources generated, private/public transportation provision. In the second part the characterising parameters have been interpreted in the light of the Smeed Report of 1964 that can be considered representative of the "old belief". In the third part the "present awareness" is expressed by an analysis of the main contents of the book Internalising the Social Costs of Transport of 1993. In the fourth part some reflections on the most promising research areas for rp implementation and acceptance are put forward. Specific research will have to be conducted concerning social acceptability and feasibility, simultaneous cost internalisation, behavioural assumptions, information and pricing interconnections.Road pricing, Social Acceptability, Congestion, Congestion charging
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Special issue editorial: Designs & devices: towards a genealogy of audience research methods at the BBC World Service, 1932-2011
Entropy solutions for a traffic model with phase transitions
In this paper, we consider the two phases macroscopic traffic model
introduced in [P. Goatin, The Aw-Rascle vehicular traffic flow with phase
transitions, Mathematical and Computer Modeling 44 (2006) 287-303]. We first
apply the wave-front tracking method to prove existence and a priori bounds for
weak solutions. Then, in the case the characteristic field corresponding to the
free phase is linearly degenerate, we prove that the obtained weak solutions
are in fact entropy solutions \`a la Kruzhkov. The case of solutions attaining
values at the vacuum is considered. We also present an explicit numerical
example to describe some qualitative features of the solutions
Superprocesses as models for information dissemination in the Future Internet
Future Internet will be composed by a tremendous number of potentially
interconnected people and devices, offering a variety of services, applications
and communication opportunities. In particular, short-range wireless
communications, which are available on almost all portable devices, will enable
the formation of the largest cloud of interconnected, smart computing devices
mankind has ever dreamed about: the Proximate Internet. In this paper, we
consider superprocesses, more specifically super Brownian motion, as a suitable
mathematical model to analyse a basic problem of information dissemination
arising in the context of Proximate Internet. The proposed model provides a
promising analytical framework to both study theoretical properties related to
the information dissemination process and to devise efficient and reliable
simulation schemes for very large systems
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Research, Technological change, Government Policy
Eigenvector-Based Centrality Measures for Temporal Networks
Numerous centrality measures have been developed to quantify the importances
of nodes in time-independent networks, and many of them can be expressed as the
leading eigenvector of some matrix. With the increasing availability of network
data that changes in time, it is important to extend such eigenvector-based
centrality measures to time-dependent networks. In this paper, we introduce a
principled generalization of network centrality measures that is valid for any
eigenvector-based centrality. We consider a temporal network with N nodes as a
sequence of T layers that describe the network during different time windows,
and we couple centrality matrices for the layers into a supra-centrality matrix
of size NTxNT whose dominant eigenvector gives the centrality of each node i at
each time t. We refer to this eigenvector and its components as a joint
centrality, as it reflects the importances of both the node i and the time
layer t. We also introduce the concepts of marginal and conditional
centralities, which facilitate the study of centrality trajectories over time.
We find that the strength of coupling between layers is important for
determining multiscale properties of centrality, such as localization phenomena
and the time scale of centrality changes. In the strong-coupling regime, we
derive expressions for time-averaged centralities, which are given by the
zeroth-order terms of a singular perturbation expansion. We also study
first-order terms to obtain first-order-mover scores, which concisely describe
the magnitude of nodes' centrality changes over time. As examples, we apply our
method to three empirical temporal networks: the United States Ph.D. exchange
in mathematics, costarring relationships among top-billed actors during the
Golden Age of Hollywood, and citations of decisions from the United States
Supreme Court.Comment: 38 pages, 7 figures, and 5 table
The blob and the block. When the rhetoric of the smooth and the striated went all wrong
This paper conforms to a view of architecture and the distribution of urban space as bio-political parameters of dominance and resistance. Using G. Deleuze & F. Guattariâs seminal essay on 1444. The Smooth and the Striated, I intend to show how Global Capitalism, by replicating the discourse of the smooth and the ungraspable, has voided Dialectics of its subversive potential.El presente artĂculo contempla la arquitectura y la distribuciĂłn del espacio urbano como parĂĄmetros biopolĂticos de dominaciĂłn y resistencia. ValiĂ©ndose del ensayo 1444. Lo liso y lo estriado, de Gilles Deleuze & Felix Guattari, se pretende demostrar cĂłmo el capitalismo global, gracias a su capacidad para emular el discurso de lo fluido y lo intangible, habrĂĄ conseguido despojar a lo dialĂ©ctico de su potencial subversivo
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