GUI Design Exploration Software for Microwave Antennas

Optimizers in commercial electromagnetic (EM) simulation software packages are the main tools for performing antenna design exploration today. However, these general purpose optimizers are facing challenges in optimization efficiency, supported optimization types and usability for antenna experts without deep knowledge on optimization. Aiming to fill the gaps, a new antenna design exploration tool, called Antenna Design Explorer (ADE), is presented in this paper. The key features are: (1) State-of-the-art antenna design exploration methods are selected and embedded, addressing efficient antenna optimization (critical but unable to be solved by existing tools) and multiobjective antenna optimization (not available in most existing tools); (2) Human-computer interaction for the targeted problem is studied, addressing various usability issues for antenna design engineers, such as automatic algorithmic parameter setting and interactive stopping criteria; (3) Compatibility with existing tools is studied and ADE is able to co-work with existing EM simulators and optimizers, combining advantages. A case study verifies the advantages of ADE

Antenna Near-Field Probe Station Scanner

A miniaturized antenna system is characterized non-destructively through the use of a scanner that measures its near-field radiated power performance. When taking measurements, the scanner can be moved linearly along the x, y and z axis, as well as rotationally relative to the antenna. The data obtained from the characterization are processed to determine the far-field properties of the system and to optimize the system. Each antenna is excited using a probe station system while a scanning probe scans the space above the antenna to measure the near field signals. Upon completion of the scan, the near-field patterns are transformed into far-field patterns. Along with taking data, this system also allows for extensive graphing and analysis of both the near-field and far-field data. The details of the probe station as well as the procedures for setting up a test, conducting a test, and analyzing the resulting data are also described

A T Slot Monopole Antenna for UWB Microwave Imaging Applications

This paper presents the design, optimisation and physical implementation of a compact ultra-wideband (UWB) printed circular monopole antenna (PCMA) for microwave imaging applications, specifically for breast cancer detection. The profile of the proposed antenna features T-Slots etching over a driven circular patch. To achieve the desired impedance bandwidth both in free-space and in proximity to human tissues, the geo-metrical profiles of the T — slot monopole antenna are optimised using the surrogate model assisted differential evolution for antenna synthesis (SADEA) optimiser. The bandwidth, gain, radiation pattern and efficiency of the optimised antenna are then evaluated. The simulation and measurement results of the antenna's responses are deduced to be in reasonable agreement for the input impedance, gain, radiation pattern and efficiency, respectively, in the operating band of 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz. The proposed antenna also gives an adequate radiation in the broad side direction, which contributes significantly to clutter level reduction, and makes the proposed antenna applicable for effective and efficient microwave imaging applications

Design of the 21-Meter Network Monitor and Control System for Deep Space Network Cross Support

A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Science Morehead State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science by Sarah E. Wilczewski on September 26, 2019

Automation of Advanced Scanners for RF Metrology

The characterization of the constitutive properties of materials is an important step in the development of modern RF devices, especially at mm-wave frequencies or in systems that incorporate materials whose performance varies with frequency or the angle of the impinging electrical eld. This thesis discusses the implementation of three material characterization systems designed by the Phased Array Antenna Research and Development (PAARD) group at the Advanced Radar Research Center (ARRC) for taking material measurements under di erent test con gurations. For each system, the majority of the work done was in creating a graphic user interface (GUI) in Labview that would facilitate rapid measurements by providing an intuitive control software for the user. The three systems work for a variety of di erent applications: an S-band waveguide setup for measuring isotropic materials, a C-band three-probe free-space system for measuring anisotropic materials, and a W-band free-space system. All three systems utilize the Nicolson-Ross-Weir (NRW) or Smith algorithm for material parameter extraction. Various other methods exist for material characterization but the NRW method provides relatively precise measurements over a broad band with minimal computational requirements. The importance of material parameters and the de nitions of isotropy/anisotropy will be discussed rst, followed by the method through which the material parameters are calculated. After this the speci cations for each system that was developed are discussed including the physical test setup, the algorithm(s) that are used, the formation of the control software, the calibration techniques used, and the results of material tests

Cancer Detection Using Advanced UWB Microwave Technology

Medical diagnosis and subsequent treatment efficacy hinge on innovative imaging modalities. Among these, Microwave Imaging (MWI) has emerged as a compelling approach, offering safe and cost-efficient visualization of the human body. This comprehensive research explores the potential of the Huygens principle-based microwave imaging algorithm, specifically focusing on its prowess in cancer, lesion, and infection detection. Extensive experimentation employing meticulously crafted phantoms validates the algorithm’s robustness. In the context of lung infections, this study harnesses the power of Huygens-based microwave imaging to detect lung-COVID-19 infections. Employing Microstrip and horn antennas within a frequency range of 1 to 5 GHz and a multi-bistatic setup in an anechoic chamber, the research utilizes phantoms mimicking human torso dimensions and dielectric properties. Notably, the study achieves a remarkable detection capability, attaining a signal-to-clutter ratio of 7 dB during image reconstruction using S21 signals.A higher SCR ratio indicates better contrast and clarity of the detected inclusion, which is essential for reliable medical imaging. It is noteworthy that this achievement is realized in free space without necessitating coupling liquid, underscoring the algorithm’s practicality. Furthermore, the research delves into the validation of Huygens Principle (HP)-based microwave imaging in detecting intricate lung lesions. Utilizing a meticulously designed multi-layered phantom with characteristics closely mirroring human anatomy, the study spans frequency bands from 0.5 GHz to 3 GHz within an anechoic chamber. The outcomes are compelling, demonstrating consistent lesion detection within reconstructed images. Impressively, the signal-to-clutter ratio post-artifact removal surges to 13.4 dB, affirming the algorithm’s potential in elevating medical imaging precision. To propel the capabilities of MWI further, this research unveils a novel device: 3D microwave imaging rooted in Huygens principle. Leveraging MammoWave device’s capabilities, the study ventures into 3D image reconstruction. Dedicated phantoms housing 3D structured inclusions, each embodying distinct dielectric properties, serve as the experimental bedrock. Through an intricate interplay of data acquisition and processing, the study attains a laudable feat: seamless 3D visualization of inclusions across various z-axis planes, accompanied by minimal dimensional error not exceeding 7.5%. In a parallel exploration, spiral-like measurement configurations enter the spotlight. These configurations, meticulously tailored along the z-axis, yield promising results. The research unveils an innovative approach to reducing measurement time while safeguarding imaging fidelity. Notably, spiral-like measurements achieve a notable 50% reduction in measurement time, albeit with slight trade-offs. Signal-to-clutter ratios experience a modest reduction, and there is a minor increase in dimensional analysis error, which remains within the confines of 3.5%. The research findings serve as a testament to MWI’s efficacy across diverse medical domains. The success in lung infection and lesion detection underscores its potential impact on medical diagnostics. Moreover, the foray into 3D imaging and the strategic exploration of measurement configurations lay the foundation for future advancements in microwave imaging technologies. As a result, the outcomes of this research promise to reshape the landscape of accurate and efficient medical imaging modalities

Software Solutions for Antenna Design Exploration: A Comparison of Packages, Tools, Techniques, and Algorithms for Various Design Challenges

Numerous software packages exist for solving antenna design optimization problems, with many of these employing a variety of approaches, leading, in turn, to variations in optimization performance. Antenna designers, often not fully schooled in optimization, can be confused as to which algorithm in which software package should be used. A wrong choice can cause the failure of the optimization or the expending of considerable time on the computationally expensive 3D electromagnetic (EM) simulations involved. While it is true that the various algorithms, combined with the variety of complex challenges found in different real-world scenarios make a direct comparison among tools difficult, a robust attempt at such an evaluation is overdue

Commissioning of NASA's 3rd Generation Tracking and Data Relay Satellites (TDRS KLM)

In the summer of 2017, the third and final spacecraft of the 3rd generation of the Tracking and Data Relay Satellites (TDRS) launched aboard an Atlas V rocket from Complex 41 on the Eastern Test Range. Finishing final testing and integration in the first quarter of 2018, the TDRS-M communication and navigation satellite completes a constellation that began service in the early 1980s. The 3rd generation of spacecraft, TDRS-K, L, and M, not only provided beneficial systems engineering lessons in handling anomalous Radio Frequency and Doppler interference as well as integrating new spacecraft into an aging ground support infrastructure, but also supplies NASA with a valuable test bed for new operational concepts and technologies useful in defining the future architecture of the NASA Space Network. This paper presents an overview of the TDRS-K, L, and M missions, including transfer orbit, Level 5 bus and payload testing, and finally NASA-led Level 6 testing, which includes active TDRS System (TDRSS) users. Highlights include relevant testing results, commissioning challenges, and lessons learned. The final discussion includes a brief overview of future NASA communication and navigation technologies and network architectures

Wearable metamaterial for electromagnetic radiation shielding

A novel wearable Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) created using fabric materials capable of blocking electromagnetic radiation around the frequency of 10.64 GHz (X Microwave frequency band) is presented in this paper. Two different unit cell shapes are tested: embroidered metal yarn squares and hexagons. A cotton fabric with permittivity 1.9 and thickness 0.4 mm is used as a substrate. The proposed design is validated by comparison of 3 D electromagnetic simulations and measurements. The obtained results correspond to a maximum absorptivity of 99.23% at 10.63 GHz for the simulation using a square as unit cell, whereas the simulations using hexagons led to a maximum in absorptivity of 99.94% at 10.68 GHz. Experimental results, at their turn, showed maximums of 98.39% for the squares and 98.00% for the hexagons, both at 10.46 GHz. So, results showed that the textile was actually offering a high degree of electromagnetic shielding, increasing the safety for civil and occupational exposures to electromagnetic radiation. In this case, this protection is offered at the microwave frequencies, used especially for telecommunications Earth-satellite which is in the range considered as a potential risk by the WHO (World Health Organization).This work was supported by the Spanish Government MINECO under Project TEC2016-79465-R.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Mapping and recognition of radio frequency clutter in various environments in Australia

Radio frequency spectrum mapping allows determining the radio frequency signatures prevalent within an environment. We address the primary frequency bands used for cellular, wireless Local Area Network (LAN), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and Ultra-wideband (UWB) communications. The purpose of the experiment presented in this paper is to map the detected radio frequencies within an environment and display the collated data on a graphical user interface. A program identifies the presence of the aforementioned radio frequency signatures and recognizes signal levels which exceed the exposure standards enforced by the Australian Communication and Media Authority. The results assist in the understanding of the ramifications of long-term exposure to radio frequency radiation associated with the continued proliferation of wireless devices