6,665 research outputs found
How much of commonsense and legal reasoning is formalizable? A review of conceptual obstacles
Fifty years of effort in artificial intelligence (AI) and the formalization of legal reasoning have produced both successes and failures. Considerable success in organizing and displaying evidence and its interrelationships has been accompanied by failure to achieve the original ambition of AI as applied to law: fully automated legal decision-making. The obstacles to formalizing legal reasoning have proved to be the same ones that make the formalization of commonsense reasoning so difficult, and are most evident where legal reasoning has to meld with the vast web of ordinary human knowledge of the world. Underlying many of the problems is the mismatch between the discreteness of symbol manipulation and the continuous nature of imprecise natural language, of degrees of similarity and analogy, and of probabilities
Competition Law Enforcement in China: Between Technocracy and Industrial Policy
The article provides a rare reconstruction of a number of early cases decided under the Chinese Anti-Monopoly Law. In particular, the article seeks to go behind the published decisions of the responsible authorities, to reconstruct their decision-making process in particular by identifying the sources of consultation and the arguments that various stakeholders presented to the authorities about what course of action to follow
Formalizing Informal Logic
In this paper we investigate the extent to which formal argumentation models can handle ten basic characteristics of informal logic identified in the informal logic literature. By showing how almost all of these characteristics can be successfully modelled formally, we claim that good progress can be made toward the project of formalizing informal logic. Of the formal argumentation models available, we chose the Carneades Argumentation System (CAS), a formal, computational model of argument that uses argument graphs as its basis, structures of a kind very familiar to practitioners of informal logic through their use of argument diagrams
Tropical curves in sandpiles
We study a sandpile model on the set of the lattice points in a large lattice
polygon. A small perturbation of the maximal stable state
is obtained by adding extra grains at several points. It appears, that the
result of the relaxation of coincides with almost
everywhere; the set where is called the deviation locus.
The scaling limit of the deviation locus turns out to be a distinguished
tropical curve passing through the perturbation points.
Nous consid\'erons le mod\`ele du tas de sable sur l'ensemble des points
entiers d'un polygone entier. En ajoutant des grains de sable en certains
points, on obtient une perturbation mineure de la configuration stable maximale
. Le r\'esultat de la relaxation est presque partout
\'egal \`a . On appelle lieu de d\'eviation l'ensemble des points o\`u
. La limite au sens de la distance de Hausdorff du lieu de
d\'eviation est une courbe tropicale sp\'eciale, qui passe par les points de
perturbation.Comment: small correction
Adequate formalization
This article identifies problems with regard to providing criteria that regulate the matching of logical formulae and natural language. We then take on to solve these problems by defining a necessary and sufficient criterion of adequate formalization. On the basis of this criterion we argue that logic should not be seen as an ars iudicandi capable of evaluating the validity or invalidity of informal arguments, but as an ars explicandi that renders transparent the formal structure of informal reasonin
Detecting Activations over Graphs using Spanning Tree Wavelet Bases
We consider the detection of activations over graphs under Gaussian noise,
where signals are piece-wise constant over the graph. Despite the wide
applicability of such a detection algorithm, there has been little success in
the development of computationally feasible methods with proveable theoretical
guarantees for general graph topologies. We cast this as a hypothesis testing
problem, and first provide a universal necessary condition for asymptotic
distinguishability of the null and alternative hypotheses. We then introduce
the spanning tree wavelet basis over graphs, a localized basis that reflects
the topology of the graph, and prove that for any spanning tree, this approach
can distinguish null from alternative in a low signal-to-noise regime. Lastly,
we improve on this result and show that using the uniform spanning tree in the
basis construction yields a randomized test with stronger theoretical
guarantees that in many cases matches our necessary conditions. Specifically,
we obtain near-optimal performance in edge transitive graphs, -nearest
neighbor graphs, and -graphs
Automated Reasoning and Presentation Support for Formalizing Mathematics in Mizar
This paper presents a combination of several automated reasoning and proof
presentation tools with the Mizar system for formalization of mathematics. The
combination forms an online service called MizAR, similar to the SystemOnTPTP
service for first-order automated reasoning. The main differences to
SystemOnTPTP are the use of the Mizar language that is oriented towards human
mathematicians (rather than the pure first-order logic used in SystemOnTPTP),
and setting the service in the context of the large Mizar Mathematical Library
of previous theorems,definitions, and proofs (rather than the isolated problems
that are solved in SystemOnTPTP). These differences poses new challenges and
new opportunities for automated reasoning and for proof presentation tools.
This paper describes the overall structure of MizAR, and presents the automated
reasoning systems and proof presentation tools that are combined to make MizAR
a useful mathematical service.Comment: To appear in 10th International Conference on. Artificial
Intelligence and Symbolic Computation AISC 201
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