Detectando agrupamientos y contornos: un estudio doble sobre representación de formas

Las formas juegan un rol clave en nuestro sistema cognitivo: en la percepción de las formas yace el principio de la formación de conceptos. Siguiendo esta línea de pensamiento, la escuela de la Gestalt ha estudiado extensivamente la percep- ción de formas como el proceso de asir características estructurales encontradas o impuestas sobre el material de estímulo.En resumen, tenemos dos modelos de formas: pueden existir físicamente o ser un producto de nuestros procesos cogni- tivos. El primer grupo está compuesto por formas que pueden ser definidas extra- yendo los contornos de objetos sólidos. En este trabajo nos restringiremos al caso bidimensional. Decimos entonces que las formas del primer tipo son formas planares. Atacamos el problema de detectar y reconocer formas planares. Cier- tas restricciones teóricas y prácticas nos llevan a definir una forma planar como cualquier pedazo de línea de nivel de una imagen. Comenzamos por establecer que los métodos a contrario existentes para de- tectar líneas de nivel son usualmente muy restrictivos: una curva debe ser enter- amente saliente para ser detectada. Esto se encuentra en clara contradicción con la observación de que pedazos de líneas de nivel coinciden con los contornos de los objetos. Por lo tanto proponemos una modificación en la que el algoritmo de detección es relajado, permitiendo la detección de curvas parcialmente salientes. En un segundo acercamiento, estudiamos la interacción entre dos maneras diferentes de determinar la prominencia de una línea de nivel. Proponemos un esquema para competición de características donde el contraste y la regularidad compiten entre ellos, resultando en que solamente las líneas de nivel contrastadas y regulares son consderedas salientes. Una tercera contribución es un algoritmo de limpieza que analiza líneas de nivel salientes, descartando los pedazos no salientes y conservando los salientes. Está basado en un algoritmo para detección de multisegmentos que fue extendido para trabajar con entradas periódicas. Finalmente, proponemos un descriptor de formas para codificar las formas detectadas, basado en el Shape Context global. Cada línea de nivel es codificada usando shape contexts, generando así un nuevo descriptor semi-local. A contin- uación adaptamos un algoritmShape plays a key role in our cognitive system: in the perception of shape lies the beginning of concept formation. Following this lines of thought, the Gestalt school has extensively studied shape perception as the grasping of structural fea- tures found in or imposed upon the stimulus material. In summary, we have two models for shapes: they can exist physically or be a product of our cognitive pro- cesses. The first group is formed by shapes that can be defined by extracting contours from solid objects. In this work we will restrict ourselves to the two dimensional case. Therefore we say that these shapes of the first type are planar shapes. We ad- dress the problem of detecting and recognizing planar shapes. A few theoretical and practical restrictions lead us to define a planar shape as any piece of mean- ingful level line of an image. We begin by stating that previous a contrario methods to detect level lines are often too restrictive: a curve must be entirely salient to be detected. This is clearly in contradiction with the observation that pieces to level lines coincide with object boundaries. Therefore we propose a modification in which the detection criterion is relaxed by permitting the detection of partially salient level lines. As a second approach, we study the interaction between two different ways of determining level line saliency: contrast and regularity. We propose a scheme for feature competition where contrast and regularity contend with each other, resulting in that only contrasted and regular level lines are considered salient. A third contribution is a clean-up algorithm that analyses salient level lines, discarding the non-salient pieces and returning the salient ones. It is based on an algorithm for multisegment detection, which was extended to work with periodic inputs. Finally, we propose a shape descriptor to encode the detected shapes, based on the global Shape Context. Each level line is encoded using shape contexts, thus generating a new semi-local descriptor. We then adapt an existing a contrario shape matching algorithm to our particular case. The second group is composed by shapes that do not correspond to a solid object but are formed by integrating several solid objects. The simplest shapes in this group are arrangements of points in two dimensions. Clustering techniques might be helpful in these situations. In a seminal work from 1971, Zahn faced the problem of finding perceptual clusters according to the proximity gestalt and proposed three basic principles for clustering algorithms: (1) only inter-point distances matter, (2) stable results across executions and (3) independence from the exploration strategy. A last implicit requirement is crucial: clusters may have arbitrary shapes and detection algorithms must be capable of dealing with this. In this part we will focus on designing clustering methods that completely fulfils the aforementioned requirements and that impose minimal assumptions on the data to be clustered. We begin by assessing the problem of validating clusters in a hierarchical struc- ture. Based on nonparametric density estimation methods, we propose to com- pute the saliency of a given cluster. Then, it is possible to select the most salient clusters in the hierarchy. In practice, the method shows a preference toward com- pact clusters and we propose a simple heuristic to correct this issue. In general, graph-based hierarchical methods require to first compute the com- plete graph of interpoint distances. For this reason, hierarchical methods are often considered slow. The most usually used, and the fastest hierarchical clustering al- gorithm is based on the Minimum Spanning Tree (MST). We therefore propose an algorithm to compute the MST while avoiding the intermediate step of computing the complete set of interpoint distances. Moreover, the algorithm can be fully par- allelized with ease. The algorithm exhibits good performance for low-dimensional datasets and allows for an approximate but robust solution for higher dimensions. Finally we propose a method to select clustered subtrees from the MST, by computing simple edge statistics. The method allows naturally to retrieve clus- ters with arbitrary shapes. It also works well in noisy situations, where noise is regarded as unclustered data, allowing to separate it from clustered data. We also show that the iterative application of the algorithm allows to solve a phenomenon called masking, where highly populated clusters avoid the detection less popu- lated ones.Fil:Tepper, Mariano. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina

Non-covalent interactions in organotin(IV) derivatives of 5,7-ditertbutyl- and 5,7-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine as recognition motifs in crystalline self- assembly and their in vitro antistaphylococcal activity

Non-covalent interactions are known to play a key role in biological compounds due to their stabilization of the tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins [1]. Ligands similar to purine rings, such as triazolo pyrimidine ones, are very versatile in their interactions with metals and can act as model systems for natural bio-inorganic compounds [2]. A considerable series (twelve novel compounds are reported) of 5,7-ditertbutyl-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (dbtp) and 5,7-diphenyl- 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (dptp) were synthesized and investigated by FT-IR and 119Sn M\uf6ssbauer in the solid state and by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, in solution [3]. The X-ray crystal and molecular structures of Et2SnCl2(dbtp)2 and Ph2SnCl2(EtOH)2(dptp)2 were described, in this latter pyrimidine molecules are not directly bound to the metal center but strictly H-bonded, through N(3), to the -OH group of the ethanol moieties. The network of hydrogen bonding and aromatic interactions involving pyrimidine and phenyl rings in both complexes drives their self-assembly. Noncovalent interactions involving aromatic rings are key processes in both chemical and biological recognition, contributing to overall complex stability and forming recognition motifs. It is noteworthy that in Ph2SnCl2(EtOH)2(dptp)2 \u3c0\u2013\u3c0 stacking interactions between pairs of antiparallel triazolopyrimidine rings mimick basepair interactions physiologically occurring in DNA (Fig.1). M\uf6ssbauer spectra suggest for Et2SnCl2(dbtp)2 a distorted octahedral structure, with C-Sn-C bond angles lower than 180\ub0. The estimated angle for Et2SnCl2(dbtp)2 is virtually identical to that determined by X-ray diffraction. Ph2SnCl2(EtOH)2(dptp)2 is characterized by an essentially linear C-Sn-C fragment according to the X-ray all-trans structure. The compounds were screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity on a group of reference staphylococcal strains susceptible or resistant to methicillin and against two reference Gramnegative pathogens [4] . We tested the biological activity of all the specimen against a group of staphylococcal reference strains (S. aureus ATCC 25923, S. aureus ATCC 29213, methicillin resistant S. aureus 43866 and S. epidermidis RP62A) along with Gram-negative pathogens (P. aeruginosa ATCC9027 and E. coli ATCC25922). Ph2SnCl2(EtOH)2(dptp)2 showed good antibacterial activity with a MIC value of 5 \u3bcg mL-1 against S. aureus ATCC29213 and also resulted active against methicillin resistant S. epidermidis RP62A

Parental Awareness on Teenage Smoking Behavior in Yogyakarta and Bali

Smoking or being healthy is not a suitable offers to young teenagers (ages 13-15 years), because they have not able to take responsibility for the negative impacts of their choices on smoking behaviors. In addition, they have not been well informed about cigarettes and their dangers. The data indicate that there was a high rate of smoking behavior for adolescents aged 13-15 years (55.71%), including trial smoking behavior. However, only 39% of parents are aware of their children smoking behavior. This study aims were determining the awareness of parents and its form on the smoking behavior of their teenage children after treatment. The design of this study was a pre-posttest experiment with control group design. Around 301 parents of 8th grade boy student from 7 junior high schools were considered respondents. The latter came from 2 locations namely Yogyakarta and Tabanan Bali. For determining the respondents, cluster random sampling was used. The respondents were grouped into 3 groups (X1 treatment group, X2 treatment group and control group). The treatment is to provide information about cigarettes and its danger. It was given once by health workers. The measured variable is the respondent awareness and its form that was obtained from the students using selfreported questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Kruskal Wallis and Chi-square test with 0.05 level of significant. The results showed that there was a significant increase the parental awareness after treatment (p value 0.0001). This can happen because the intervention strengthened the predisposing factor to realize the respondents’ caring behavior as well as the concept of behavioral determinant of LW Green. In the X2 treatment group (non-smoker respondents) showed a higher increase of parental awareness than X1 treatment group (smoker respondents) and control group. This happens because they get support from health workers and get healthy conditions as resulted from their behavior. They will continue to remain as nonsmokers and encourage their teenage children to look up to them in order to get a similar reward, as the law of effect theory by E.L Thorndike made it clear. The form of awareness that many parents chose is the message upholding the primary prevention. The conclusion of the research stresses on continuously fetching more knowledge about cigarettes and its dangers, as one of the best mechanisms that can increase the parental awareness against teenage smoking behavior