5,910 research outputs found
Benchmarking Measures of Network Influence
Identifying key agents for the transmission of diseases (ideas, technology,
etc.) across social networks has predominantly relied on measures of centrality
on a static base network or a temporally flattened graph of agent interactions.
Various measures have been proposed as the best trackers of influence, such as
degree centrality, betweenness, and -shell, depending on the structure of
the connectivity. We consider SIR and SIS propagation dynamics on a
temporally-extruded network of observed interactions and measure the
conditional marginal spread as the change in the magnitude of the infection
given the removal of each agent at each time: its temporal knockout (TKO)
score. We argue that the exhaustive approach of the TKO score makes it an
effective benchmark measure for evaluating the accuracy of other, often more
practical, measures of influence. We find that none of the common network
measures applied to the induced flat graphs are accurate predictors of network
propagation influence on the systems studied; however, temporal networks and
the TKO measure provide the requisite targets for the hunt for effective
predictive measures
Can Terahertz Provide High-Rate Reliable Low Latency Communications for Wireless VR?
Wireless virtual reality (VR) imposes new visual and haptic requirements that
are directly linked to the quality-of-experience (QoE) of VR users. These QoE
requirements can only be met by wireless connectivity that offers high-rate and
high-reliability low latency communications (HRLLC), unlike the low rates
usually considered in vanilla ultra-reliable low latency communication
scenarios. The high rates for VR over short distances can only be supported by
an enormous bandwidth, which is available in terahertz (THz) frequency bands.
Guaranteeing HRLLC requires dealing with the uncertainty that is specific to
the THz channel. To explore the potential of THz for meeting HRLLC
requirements, a quantification of the risk for an unreliable VR performance is
conducted through a novel and rigorous characterization of the tail of the
end-to-end (E2E) delay. Then, a thorough analysis of the tail-value-atrisk
(TVaR) is performed to concretely characterize the behavior of extreme wireless
events crucial to the real-time VR experience. System reliability for scenarios
with guaranteed line-of-sight (LoS) is then derived as a function of THz
network parameters after deriving a novel expression for the probability
distribution function of the THz transmission delay. Numerical results show
that abundant bandwidth and low molecular absorption are necessary to improve
the reliability. However, their effect remains secondary compared to the
availability of LoS, which significantly affects the THz HRLLC performance. In
particular, for scenarios with guaranteed LoS, a reliability of 99.999% (with
an E2E delay threshold of 20 ms) for a bandwidth of 15 GHz along with data
rates of 18.3 Gbps can be achieved by the THz network (operating at a frequency
of 1 THz), compared to a reliability of 96% for twice the bandwidth, when
blockages are considered.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1905.0765
Channel Dynamics and SNR Tracking in Millimeter Wave Cellular Systems
The millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies are likely to play a significant
role in fifth-generation (5G) cellular systems. A key challenge in developing
systems in these bands is the potential for rapid channel dynamics: since
mmWave signals are blocked by many materials, small changes in the position or
orientation of the handset relative to objects in the environment can cause
large swings in the channel quality. This paper addresses the issue of tracking
the signal to noise ratio (SNR), which is an essential procedure for rate
prediction, handover and radio link failure detection. A simple method for
estimating the SNR from periodic synchronization signals is considered. The
method is then evaluated using real experiments in common blockage scenarios
combined with outdoor statistical models
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Police Knowledge Exchange: Full Report 2018
[Executive Summary]
This report was commissioned to explore the enablers and barriers to sharing within and between police forces and between police forces and partners, including the public. This was completed from an interdisciplinary review of international literature covering sharing, knowledge exchange, learning and organisational learning. The literature broke down into four main factors; who, why, what and how. An introduction to the literature is presented with ‘Who’ is sharing which considers both personal identity and different institutional issues. The ‘Why’ literature covers issues of cultural and community motivators and barriers. The ‘What’ segment reviews concepts of data, information and knowledge and related legislative issues. Finally, the ‘how’ section spans face to face sharing approaches to technologies that produce both enablers and barriers. A series of 42 in-depth interviews and focus groups were completed and combined with 47 survey responses . The aim of the interviews, focus groups and survey was to show perceptions and beliefs around knowledge sharing from a small sample across policing in order to complement the findings from the literature review.
The survey was adapted from a standardised questionnaire (Biggs, 1987). The Biggs questionnaire focused on what motivated students to learn and how they approached their learning. Our adapted survey looked at what motivated police to share, and how they approached sharing. The responses showed a trend, across the police, towards a motivation for sharing to develop a deeper understanding of issues. However, the approaches and the strategies they used to share with others, which were primarily driven by achieving and surface approaches (to get promoted and get the job done). According to Biggs (1987) this could leave them discontented as they never progress to a deeper understanding of issues. Scaffolding sharing within the police through processes that are clearly defined, effective and valued could help to overcome these issues.
Within the interviews and focus group findings a similar structured approach to sharing was adopted. Within the ‘who’ section some key aspects around personal relationships, reciprocity and reputation were identified. The ‘why’ the police share was one of the largest discussion points. Not only was there a deep motivation to solve key policing issues there was an approach of reciprocity. Police sharing was deeply motivated to support ‘good practice’ in the prevention and detection of crime. However, a sharing barrier was identified in the parity of value given to different types of knowledge for example between professional judgement and research evidence knowledge. Sharing was achieved when there were reciprocal benefits, in particular with personal networks or face to face sharing which was noted as ‘safe’. Again, this was inhibited by misunderstandings around the ‘risks’ of sharing, frequently attributed to data protection legislation; producing cautious reactions and as an avoidance tactic to save time and effort sharing. However, a divide was noted between technical users and those who avoided any online systems for sharing; often due to poorly designed systems and a lack of confidence in how to use systems. The police culture was identified as being risk-adverse, and competitive due to multiple factors, a lack of supported time to share, Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary (HMIC) reviews and promotion criteria. The result was perceived to be a poor cultural ability to learn from mistakes and a likelihood to repeat errors.
A set of strategic recommendations are given and include the use of a sharing authorised professional practice for HMIC reviews, sharing networks and training. A further set of operational recommendations are given such as; sharing impact cases for evidence based practice, data sharing officers and evaluating mechanisms for sharing.
This full report is supported by the Police Knowledge Exchange Summary Report 2018 which gives an overview of the findings and recommendations
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