118 research outputs found
Fermatov doprinos u teoriji brojeva
Pierre de Fermat jedan je od najveÄih matematiÄara 17. stoljeÄa. Smatra ga se utemeljiteljem moderne teorije brojava. Glavni cilj ovog diplomskog rada je prikazati i dijelom dokazati Fermatove rezultate i doprinose u teoriji brojeva. Fermat je dao Äitav niz tvrdnji, uglavnom bez dokaza, koje su se godinama, a neke i stoljeÄima kasnije pokazale istinitima. Fermat je poznat po brojevima oblika koji se zovu Fermatovi brojevi te po svom doprinosu u razvoju diofantskih jednadžbi. U radu su iskazani i dokazani (svi osim posljednjeg) Fermatovi teoremi: Mali Fermatov teorem, Teorem o zbroju dva kvadrata, Teorem o poligonalnim brojevima i Veliki Fermatov teorem. Osim teorema u radu su opisane i na primjerima objaÅ”njene dvije Fermatove metode: Fermatova metoda faktorizacije i Fermatova metoda neprekidnih silazaka.Pierre de Fermat is one of the greatest mathematicians of 17. century. He is considered a founder of modern number theory. The main purpose of this work is to present and partly to prove the results and contributions Fermatās contributions to number theory. Fermat gave a whole series of assertions, mostly without the proof, which have been years, and some of them centuries later proved to be true. Fermat is famous for his numbers , which we call Fermatās numbers, and for his contributions in development of Diophantās equations. In the work are presented and proved (all except the last one) following theorems: Fermatās Little theorem, Two-Square Theorem, Fermat polygonal number theorem and Fermatās Last Theorem. Except the theorems, two Fermatās methods: Fermatās factorizations method and Fermatās method of infinite descent are described and explained trough the examples
O nekim Eulerovim doprinosima u teoriji brojeva
Leonhard Euler (1707.-1783.) najproduktivniji je matematiÄar svih vremena. Dao je ogroman doprinos svakom matematiÄkom podruÄju svog vremena, ali i mnogim drugim znanostima kao Å”to su geografija, fizika, teorija glazbe, ... Postavio je temelje nekim matematiÄkim granama, a smatra se da je posebnu "virtuoznost'' pokazao baveÄi se teorijom brojeva. U radu Äemo opisati samo neke njegove doprinose elementarnoj teoriji brojeva, primjerice dokaz Malog Fermatovog teorema, Velikog Fermatovog teorema za i Teorema o dva kvadrata te mnoge zakljuÄke vezane uz djeljivost prirodnih brojeva, Legendreov simbol i Pellovu jednadžbu.Leonhard Euler (1707. - 1783.) is the most productive mathematician of all time. He made enormous contributions to every mathematical branch of his time as well as to many other fields of science such as geography, physics, music theory,ā¦ He laid the foundations for some mathematical branches, however, number theory is considered the branch where his āvirtuosityā was most evident. This paper describes just some of his contributions to elementary number theory, such as the proof of Fermatās little theorem, Fermatās last theorem for and his Theorem on the sum of two squares as well as many conclusions related to the divisibility of natural numbers, the Legendre symbol and Pellās equation
Eulerova funkcija
Eulerova funkcija je jedna od najvažnijih funkcija u teoriji brojeva. U Älanku Äemo izvesti formulu za odreÄivanje vrijednosti ove funkcije te Äemo dokazati neka od njezinih svojstava. Na primjerima Äemo pokazati neke od primjena dobivenih rezultata, a na kraju Äemo opisati nekoliko problema koji su usko vezani uz Eulerovu funkciju
O nekim Eulerovim doprinosima u teoriji brojeva
Leonhard Euler (1707.-1783.) najproduktivniji je matematiÄar svih vremena. Dao je ogroman doprinos svakom matematiÄkom podruÄju svog vremena, ali i mnogim drugim znanostima kao Å”to su geografija, fizika, teorija glazbe, ... Postavio je temelje nekim matematiÄkim granama, a smatra se da je posebnu "virtuoznost'' pokazao baveÄi se teorijom brojeva. U radu Äemo opisati samo neke njegove doprinose elementarnoj teoriji brojeva, primjerice dokaz Malog Fermatovog teorema, Velikog Fermatovog teorema za i Teorema o dva kvadrata te mnoge zakljuÄke vezane uz djeljivost prirodnih brojeva, Legendreov simbol i Pellovu jednadžbu.Leonhard Euler (1707. - 1783.) is the most productive mathematician of all time. He made enormous contributions to every mathematical branch of his time as well as to many other fields of science such as geography, physics, music theory,ā¦ He laid the foundations for some mathematical branches, however, number theory is considered the branch where his āvirtuosityā was most evident. This paper describes just some of his contributions to elementary number theory, such as the proof of Fermatās little theorem, Fermatās last theorem for and his Theorem on the sum of two squares as well as many conclusions related to the divisibility of natural numbers, the Legendre symbol and Pellās equation
Modularna metoda za rjeŔavanje diofantskih jednadžbi
Andrew Wiles dokazao je 1995. godine posljednji Fermatov teorem, koristeÄi vezu izmeÄu eliptiÄkih krivulja i modularnih formi. Zapravo, Wiles je dokazao poseban sluÄaj teorema o modularnosti. Cilj ovog rada bio je pokazati primjene teorema o modularnosti i teorije eliptiÄkih krivulja i modularnih formi na diofantske jednadžbe. U prvom poglavlju dajemo pregled osnovnih pojmova vezanih uz eliptiÄke krivulje. Posebno se bavimo sa redukcijom eliptiÄkih krivulja modulo : opisujemo sluÄajeve i podsluÄajeve dobre i loÅ”e redukcije te definiramo konduktor eliptiÄke krivulje. Na primjeru pokazujemo traženje minimalne jednadžbe i konduktora. Nadalje, definiramo izogenije eliptiÄkih krivulja i dajemo nekoliko bitnih primjera izogenija. Na kraju poglavlja iskazujemo Mazurov teorem o -izogenijama. U drugom poglavlju definiramo modularnu grupu i njene kongruencijske podgrupe, a zatim definiramo i modularne forme obzirom na kongruencijske podgrupe. U nastavku definiramo newforme: posebnu klasu modularnih formi, koje su posebno bitne za teorem o modularnosti i dajemo pregled osnovnih svojstava newformi. Na kraju poglavlja iskazujemo Ribetov teorem i teorem o modularnosti, koji daju osnovu za primjenu ove teorije na rjeÅ”avanje diofantskih jednadžbi. U posljednjem poglavlju pokazujemo na primjerima kako se teorem o modularnosti i Ribetov teorem mogu primjeniti na rjeÅ”avanje diofantskih jednadžbi. Prvi primjer je Fermatova jednadžba , tj. pokazujemo da iz teorema o modularnosti i Ribetovog teorema slijedi posljednji Fermatov teorem. Nakon toga se bavimo jednadžbom i na tom primjeru pokazujemo nekoliko metoda koje se mogu primjeniti na takve jednadžbe. Jedan od pristupa je tzv. Krausova metoda, za Äiju primjenu dajemo joÅ” jedan primjer.Andrew Wiles proved Fermatās last theorem in 1995, using the connection between elliptic curves and modular forms. Actually, Wiles proved a special case of the modularity theorem. The goal of this thesis was to demonstrate application of the modularity theorem and theories of elliptic curves and modular forms to Diophantine equations. In the first chapter we give an overview of basic terms related to elliptic curves. We especially deal with reduction of elliptic curves modulo : we describe the cases and subcases of good and bad reduction and define the conductor of an elliptic curve. We show an example of finding the minimal equation and conductor. Furthermore, we define isogenies of elliptic curves and give a few important examples of isogenies. The chapter ends with the statement of Mazurās theorem on -isogenies. In the second chapter we define the modular group and its congruence subgroups and then also define modular forms with respect to congruence subgroups. Subsequently, we define newforms: a special class of modular forms, which are especially important for the modularity theorem, and we give an overview of basic properties of newforms. In the end of this chapter we state Ribetās theorem and the modularity theorem, which give the basis for application of this theory on solving Diophantine equations. In the final chapter we demonstrate the application of the modularity and Ribetās theorem to solving Diophantine equations. The first example is Fermatās eqautions , i.e. we show that Fermatās last theorem follows from modularity theorem and Ribetās theorem. After that we look at the equation and in that example we show a few methods that can be applied to such equations. One approach is the so called method of Kraus, and for this method we give one more example
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