Technology 2000, volume 1

The purpose of the conference was to increase awareness of existing NASA developed technologies that are available for immediate use in the development of new products and processes, and to lay the groundwork for the effective utilization of emerging technologies. There were sessions on the following: Computer technology and software engineering; Human factors engineering and life sciences; Information and data management; Material sciences; Manufacturing and fabrication technology; Power, energy, and control systems; Robotics; Sensors and measurement technology; Artificial intelligence; Environmental technology; Optics and communications; and Superconductivity

Resilient and Scalable Forwarding for Software-Defined Networks with P4-Programmable Switches

Traditional networking devices support only fixed features and limited configurability. Network softwarization leverages programmable software and hardware platforms to remove those limitations. In this context the concept of programmable data planes allows directly to program the packet processing pipeline of networking devices and create custom control plane algorithms. This flexibility enables the design of novel networking mechanisms where the status quo struggles to meet high demands of next-generation networks like 5G, Internet of Things, cloud computing, and industry 4.0. P4 is the most popular technology to implement programmable data planes. However, programmable data planes, and in particular, the P4 technology, emerged only recently. Thus, P4 support for some well-established networking concepts is still lacking and several issues remain unsolved due to the different characteristics of programmable data planes in comparison to traditional networking. The research of this thesis focuses on two open issues of programmable data planes. First, it develops resilient and efficient forwarding mechanisms for the P4 data plane as there are no satisfying state of the art best practices yet. Second, it enables BIER in high-performance P4 data planes. BIER is a novel, scalable, and efficient transport mechanism for IP multicast traffic which has only very limited support of high-performance forwarding platforms yet. The main results of this thesis are published as 8 peer-reviewed and one post-publication peer-reviewed publication. The results cover the development of suitable resilience mechanisms for P4 data planes, the development and implementation of resilient BIER forwarding in P4, and the extensive evaluations of all developed and implemented mechanisms. Furthermore, the results contain a comprehensive P4 literature study. Two more peer-reviewed papers contain additional content that is not directly related to the main results. They implement congestion avoidance mechanisms in P4 and develop a scheduling concept to find cost-optimized load schedules based on day-ahead forecasts

Haptics: Science, Technology, Applications

This open access book constitutes the proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Human Haptic Sensing and Touch Enabled Computer Applications, EuroHaptics 2020, held in Leiden, The Netherlands, in September 2020. The 60 papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 111 submissions. The were organized in topical sections on haptic science, haptic technology, and haptic applications. This year's focus is on accessibility

Strategic Latency Unleashed: The Role of Technology in a Revisionist Global Order and the Implications for Special Operations Forces

The article of record may be found at https://cgsr.llnl.govThis work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in part under Contract W-7405-Eng-48 and in part under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. The views and opinions of the author expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC. ISBN-978-1-952565-07-6 LCCN-2021901137 LLNL-BOOK-818513 TID-59693This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in part under Contract W-7405-Eng-48 and in part under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. The views and opinions of the author expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC. ISBN-978-1-952565-07-6 LCCN-2021901137 LLNL-BOOK-818513 TID-5969

Haptics: Science, Technology, Applications

This open access book constitutes the proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Human Haptic Sensing and Touch Enabled Computer Applications, EuroHaptics 2020, held in Leiden, The Netherlands, in September 2020. The 60 papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 111 submissions. The were organized in topical sections on haptic science, haptic technology, and haptic applications. This year's focus is on accessibility

Biofilm control on stainless steel surface to optimise hygiene, process conditions and corrosion resistance

The brewing industry is amongst industries that fall under health legislation. Progressively legislation has become more stringent in terms of bacterial load limits and process options. In addition water has become a scarce resource, now supplied from municipal, not private sources. The aim of the study was to consider methods that would assist clean-in-place (CIP) process in controlling and/or eliminating biofilms formed on pipes and process vessels in the brewing industry. In the brewing industry CIP is the current method of choice to control biofilms, however, it both uses large quantities of water and does not seem to be fully meeting the required purpose. An increase in cases of material failures and product contamination caused by microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) and spoilage bacteria is evident in the sector. The current research addressed the possibility of the use of low-frequency ultrasound waves (power ultrasound) to assist the CIP process in “hot spot” contamination areas, so reducing the CIP need, saving water and improving performance using an environmentally-friendly process. Pilot studies showed that sonication (cavitation in liquid) at 24 kHz reduced simulated E. coli biofilms grown onto 316L stainless steel coupons with different weld treatments with disinfection efficiencies of 80%. The second part of the study involved real biofilms formed on a small experimental rig. The rig was made up from interconnected lengths of 60 mm OD, schedule 40 316L stainless steel pipes. These were subjected to different welding preparations and post welding treatments. Municipal water was circulated through the setup for two sets of five week experiments, each at different flow velocities to enable the growth of biofilm. It was demonstrated that water supported biofilm growth and its treatment is of utmost importance. In addition, it was shown that ultrasound waves could pass through metal surfaces and clean the inside surfaces but the efficiency of the process ranged between 10 and 100% with regards to removal of biofilm because the thicknesses were high (3.91 mm for SS pipes and 3 mm for SS coupon plates), the clamping device used was heavy (1001 g) and also the device had to be under water for effective cooling during operation. There was increased concentration of biofilm on and around weld areas include heat affected zones (HAZs) and it was difficult to control biofilms around such areas due to increased roughness. This was because welding introduces rough surfaces, geometrical difficulties (over-penetration and under-penetration), and gave wrought structures (formation of iron oxide or separation on grain boundaries). From the study it was observed that using 316L fillers resulted in better biofilm control than using 904L fillers (even though 904L welds had copper as a biocide) except when the welds were pickled and passivated. In this case 904L fillers resulted in lower intensities than 316L fillers. It was also observed that welding in the presence of argon gave better welds that resulted in reduced biofilm formation. On top of that, flow direction and pipe position influenced biofilm formation, its control and the CIP process. This led to the conclusion that the CIP process to date was observed to be ineffective against biofilms and it became less effective with continuous use of pipes and process vessels. It was observed that the CIP process became less effective along pipe lengths and process vessels i.e. the further, the pipe or vessel from the CIP source, the less effective was the process. The test for ultrasound was done by applying ultrasound waves indirectly to pipe walls in a water bath by clamping the sonication device to the pipe walls. This was so because in practice internal access results in non-sterile and impractical situation in a production environment. The knowledge gained further enhanced the likely success of using ultrasound waves as one of the future methods for biofilm control in the food and beverage industry as it is easy to apply, and is an environmentally-friendly operation

Laboratory directed research and development. Annual report, fiscal year 1995

This document is a compilation of the several research and development programs having been performed at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for the fiscal year 1995

Bibliography of Lewis Research Center technical publications announced in 1993

This compilation of abstracts describes and indexes the technical reporting that resulted from the scientific and engineering work performed and managed by the Lewis Research Center in 1993. All the publications were announced in the 1993 issues of STAR (Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports) and/or IAA (International Aerospace Abstracts). Included are research reports, journal articles, conference presentations, patents and patent applications, and theses