Facilitating Flexible Link Layer Protocols for Future Wireless Communication Systems

This dissertation addresses the problem of designing link layer protocols which are flexible enough to accommodate the demands offuture wireless communication systems (FWCS).We show that entire link layer protocols with diverse requirements and responsibilities can be composed out of reconfigurable and reusable components.We demonstrate this by designing and implementinga novel concept termed Flexible Link Layer (FLL) architecture.Through extensive simulations and practical experiments, we evaluate a prototype of the suggested architecture in both fixed-spectrumand dynamic spectrum access (DSA) networks. FWCS are expected to overcome diverse challenges including the continual growthin traffic volume and number of connected devices.Furthermore, they are envisioned to support a widerange of new application requirements and operating conditions.Technology trends, including smart homes, communicating machines, and vehicularnetworks, will not only grow on a scale that once was unimaginable, they will also become the predominant communication paradigm, eventually surpassing today's human-produced network traffic. In order for this to become reality, today's systems have to evolve in many ways.They have to exploit allocated resources in a more efficient and energy-conscious manner.In addition to that, new methods for spectrum access and resource sharingneed to be deployed.Having the diversification of applications and network conditions in mind, flexibility at all layers of a communication system is of paramount importance in order to meet the desired goals. However, traditional communication systems are often designed with specific and distinct applications in mind. Therefore, system designers can tailor communication systems according to fixedrequirements and operating conditions, often resulting in highly optimized but inflexible systems.Among the core problems of such design is the mix of data transfer and management aspects.Such a combination of concerns clearly hinders the reuse and extension of existing protocols. To overcome this problem, the key idea explored in this dissertation is a component-based design to facilitate the development of more flexible and versatile link layer protocols.Specifically, the FLL architecture, suggested in this dissertation, employs a generic, reconfigurable data transfer protocol around which one or more complementary protocols, called link layer applications, are responsible for management-related aspects of the layer. To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach, we have designed andimplemented a prototype of the FLL architecture on the basis ofa reconfigurable software defined radio (SDR) testbed.Employing the SDR prototype as well as computer simulations, thisdissertation describes various experiments used to examine a range of link layerprotocols for both fixed-spectrum and DSA networks. This dissertation firstly outlines the challenges faced by FWCSand describes DSA as a possible technology component for their construction.It then specifies the requirements for future DSA systemsthat provide the basis for our further considerations.We then review the background on link layer protocols, surveyrelated work on the construction of flexible protocol frameworks,and compare a range of actual link layer protocols and algorithms.Based on the results of this analysis, we design, implement, and evaluatethe FLL architecture and a selection of actual link layer protocols. We believe the findings of this dissertation add substantively to the existing literature on link layer protocol design and are valuable for theoreticians and experimentalists alike

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-Enabled Wireless Communications and Networking

The emerging massive density of human-held and machine-type nodes implies larger traffic deviatiolns in the future than we are facing today. In the future, the network will be characterized by a high degree of flexibility, allowing it to adapt smoothly, autonomously, and efficiently to the quickly changing traffic demands both in time and space. This flexibility cannot be achieved when the network’s infrastructure remains static. To this end, the topic of UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles) have enabled wireless communications, and networking has received increased attention. As mentioned above, the network must serve a massive density of nodes that can be either human-held (user devices) or machine-type nodes (sensors). If we wish to properly serve these nodes and optimize their data, a proper wireless connection is fundamental. This can be achieved by using UAV-enabled communication and networks. This Special Issue addresses the many existing issues that still exist to allow UAV-enabled wireless communications and networking to be properly rolled out

Resource Allocation for the Internet of Everything: From Energy Harvesting Tags to Cellular Networks

In the near future, objects equipped with heterogeneous devices such as sensors, actuators, and tags, will be able to interact with each other and cooperate to achieve common goals. These networks are termed the Internet of Things (IoT) and have applications in healthcare, smart buildings, assisted living, manufacturing, supply chain management, and intelligent transportation. The IoT vision is enabled by ubiquitous wireless communications and there are numerous resource allocation challenges to efficiently connect each device to the network. In this thesis, we study wireless resource allocation problems that arise in the IoT, namely in the areas of the energy harvesting tags, termed the Internet of Tags (IoTags), and in cellular networks (mobile and cognitive). First, we present our experience designing and developing Energy Harvesting Active Networked Tags (EnHANTs). The prototypes harvest indoor light energy using custom organic solar cells, communicate and form multihop networks using ultra-low-power Ultra- Wideband Impulse Radio (UWB-IR) transceivers, and dynamically adapt their communications and networking patterns to the energy harvesting and battery states. Using our custom designed small scale testbed, we evaluate energy-adaptive networking algorithms spanning the protocol stack (link, network, and flow control). Throughout the evaluation of experiments, we highlight numerous phenomena which are typically difficult to capture in simulations and nearly impossible to model in analytical work. We believe that these lessons would be useful for the designers of many different types of energy harvesters and energy harvesting adaptive networks. Based on the lessons learned from EnHANTs, we present Power Aware Neighbor Discovery Asynchronously (Panda), a Neighbor Discovery (ND) protocol optimized for networks of energy harvesting nodes. To enable object tracking and monitoring applications for IoTags, Panda is designed to efficiently identify nodes which are within wireless communication range of one another. By accounting for numerous hardware constraints which are typically ignored (i.e., energy costs for transmission/reception, and transceiver state switching times/costs), we formulate a power budget to guarantee perpetual ND. Finally, via testbed evaluation utilizing Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) energy harvesting nodes, we demonstrate experimentally that Panda outperforms existing protocols by a factor of 2-3x. We then consider Proportional Fair (PF) cellular scheduling algorithms for mobile users, These users experience slow-fading wireless channels while traversing roads, train tracks, bus routes, etc. We leverage the predicable mobility on these routes and present the Predictive Finite-horizon PF Scheduling ((PF)2S) Framework. We collect extensive channel measurement results from a 3G network and characterize mobility-induced channel state trends. We show that a user’s channel state is highly reproducible and leverage that to develop a data rate prediction mechanism. Our trace-based simulations of the (PF)2S Framework indicate that the framework can increase the throughput by 15%–55% compared to traditional PF schedulers, while improving fairness. Finally, we study fragmentation within a probability model of combinatorial structures. Our model does not refer to any particular application. Yet, it is applicable to dynamic spectrum access networks which can be used as the wireless access technology for numerous IoT applications. In dynamic spectrum access networks, users share the wireless resource and compete to transmit and receive data, and accordingly have specific bandwidth and residence-time requirements. We prove that the spectrum tends towards states of complete fragmentation. That is, for every request for j > 1 sub-channels, nearly all size-j requests are allocated j mutually disjoint sub-channels. In a suite of four theorems, we show how this result specializes for certain classes of request-size distributions. We also show that the delays in reaching the inefficient states of complete fragmentation can be surprisingly long. The results of this chapter provide insights into the fragmentation process and, in turn, into those circumstances where defragmentation is worth the cost it incurs

Improving Performance of Mobile Networks Using Drone-Mounted Flying Base Stations

Recent advancements in drone technology and base station miniaturization, together with an urgent need to reduce site rental costs, have created the unique opportunity to deploy cellular networks on a platform of mobile drones. This new development is redefining the wireless networks, as drone base stations can autonomously move in space to improve coverage and capacity of the network, tremendously enhancing the Quality of Service for conventional cell-edge users. In this research, we explore the benefit of constantly moving drone base stations in the air to reduce the distance between the base stations and the mobile user equipments, thereby improving the performance of the cellular networks. In particular, this thesis makes three fundamental contributions. First, we analyse drone manoeuvrability using theory, emulation and real field experiments to find the relationship between flying speed, turning agility and energy consumption. Under the control of our developed Android program, we reveal some practical manoeuvrability factors that must be considered for the applications that require frequent changes of direction for the drone. Second, we propose drone mobility control algorithms to decide on drones' moving directions in order to improve the performance of drone base stations in the network area. As the optimal problem is NP-hard, we propose a range of practically realizable heuristics with varying complexity and performance. The proposed algorithms are evaluated taking the practical drones' limitations into account for micro hotspots scenario where many hotspots exist next to each other and a drone is deployed over each hotspot area. We show that our proposed heuristic algorithms can readily improve spectral efficiency by 34% and the 5th-percentile packet throughput by 50% compared to the scenario where drones hover over fixed locations. Third, we consider macro hotspot scenario, where users and drones can move freely in a large area. Particular challenges such as user association and physical collision among drones are addressed. We show that our proposed algorithms can achieve a significant 67\% packet throughput and 343% 5th-percentile packet throughput improvement for macro hotspot scenario. We further demonstrate that our proposed algorithms are robust against the various drone base station and user densities in the network area, and huge improvement can be achieved. We believe that our findings in this thesis shed new light on the fundamental benefits of drone base stations in the next generation cellular networks

Proceedings of the Third International Mobile Satellite Conference (IMSC 1993)

Satellite-based mobile communications systems provide voice and data communications to users over a vast geographic area. The users may communicate via mobile or hand-held terminals, which may also provide access to terrestrial cellular communications services. While the first and second International Mobile Satellite Conferences (IMSC) mostly concentrated on technical advances, this Third IMSC also focuses on the increasing worldwide commercial activities in Mobile Satellite Services. Because of the large service areas provided by such systems, it is important to consider political and regulatory issues in addition to technical and user requirements issues. Topics covered include: the direct broadcast of audio programming from satellites; spacecraft technology; regulatory and policy considerations; advanced system concepts and analysis; propagation; and user requirements and applications

Cyber-Human Systems, Space Technologies, and Threats

CYBER-HUMAN SYSTEMS, SPACE TECHNOLOGIES, AND THREATS is our eighth textbook in a series covering the world of UASs / CUAS/ UUVs / SPACE. Other textbooks in our series are Space Systems Emerging Technologies and Operations; Drone Delivery of CBNRECy – DEW Weapons: Emerging Threats of Mini-Weapons of Mass Destruction and Disruption (WMDD); Disruptive Technologies with applications in Airline, Marine, Defense Industries; Unmanned Vehicle Systems & Operations On Air, Sea, Land; Counter Unmanned Aircraft Systems Technologies and Operations; Unmanned Aircraft Systems in the Cyber Domain: Protecting USA’s Advanced Air Assets, 2nd edition; and Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in the Cyber Domain Protecting USA’s Advanced Air Assets, 1st edition. Our previous seven titles have received considerable global recognition in the field. (Nichols & Carter, 2022) (Nichols, et al., 2021) (Nichols R. K., et al., 2020) (Nichols R. , et al., 2020) (Nichols R. , et al., 2019) (Nichols R. K., 2018) (Nichols R. K., et al., 2022)https://newprairiepress.org/ebooks/1052/thumbnail.jp

Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms

The Joint Publication 1-02, Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms sets forth standard US military and associated terminology to encompass the joint activity of the Armed Forces of the United States. These military and associated terms, together with their definitions, constitute approved Department of Defense (DOD) terminology for general use by all DOD components