1,603 research outputs found
Extended depth-of-field imaging and ranging in a snapshot
Traditional approaches to imaging require that an increase in depth of field is associated with a reduction in
numerical aperture, and hence with a reduction in resolution and optical throughput. In their seminal
work, Dowski and Cathey reported how the asymmetric point-spread function generated by a cubic-phase
aberration encodes the detected image such that digital recovery can yield images with an extended depth of
field without sacrificing resolution [Appl. Opt. 34, 1859 (1995)]. Unfortunately recovered images are
generally visibly degraded by artifacts arising from subtle variations in point-spread functions with defocus.
We report a technique that involves determination of the spatially variant translation of image components
that accompanies defocus to enable determination of spatially variant defocus. This in turn enables recovery
of artifact-free, extended depth-of-field images together with a two-dimensional defocus and range map
of the imaged scene. We demonstrate the technique for high-quality macroscopic and microscopic imaging
of scenes presenting an extended defocus of up to two waves, and for generation of defocus maps with an
uncertainty of 0.036 waves
Learning Wavefront Coding for Extended Depth of Field Imaging
Depth of field is an important factor of imaging systems that highly affects
the quality of the acquired spatial information. Extended depth of field (EDoF)
imaging is a challenging ill-posed problem and has been extensively addressed
in the literature. We propose a computational imaging approach for EDoF, where
we employ wavefront coding via a diffractive optical element (DOE) and we
achieve deblurring through a convolutional neural network. Thanks to the
end-to-end differentiable modeling of optical image formation and computational
post-processing, we jointly optimize the optical design, i.e., DOE, and the
deblurring through standard gradient descent methods. Based on the properties
of the underlying refractive lens and the desired EDoF range, we provide an
analytical expression for the search space of the DOE, which is instrumental in
the convergence of the end-to-end network. We achieve superior EDoF imaging
performance compared to the state of the art, where we demonstrate results with
minimal artifacts in various scenarios, including deep 3D scenes and broadband
imaging
Principles and applications of wavefront coding
Abstract unavailable please refer to PD
Fourier optics approaches to enhanced depth-of-field applications in millimetre-wave imaging and microscopy
In the first part of this thesis millimetre-wave interferometric imagers are considered
for short-range applications such as concealed weapons detection. Compared to real
aperture systems, synthetic aperture imagers at these wavelengths can provide improvements
in terms of size, cost, depth-of-field (DoF) and imaging flexibility via digitalrefocusing.
Mechanical scanning between the scene and the array is investigated to
reduce the number of antennas and correlators which drive the cost of such imagers.
The tradeoffs associated with this hardware reduction are assessed before to jointly
optimise the array configuration and scanning motion. To that end, a novel metric is
proposed to quantify the uniformity of the Fourier domain coverage of the array and is
maximised with a genetic algorithm. The resulting array demonstrates clear improvements
in imaging performances compared to a conventional power-law Y-shaped array.
The DoF of antenna arrays, analysed via the Strehl ratio, is shown to be limited even
for infinitely small antennas, with the exception of circular arrays.
In the second part of this thesis increased DoF in optical systems with Wavefront
Coding (WC) is studied. Images obtained with WC are shown to exhibit artifacts
that limit the benefits of this technique. An image restoration procedure employing a
metric of defocus is proposed to remove these artifacts and therefore extend the DoF
beyond the limit of conventional WC systems. A transmission optical microscope was
designed and implemented to operate with WC. After suppression of partial coherence
effects, the proposed image restoration method was successfully applied and extended
DoF images are presented
Design and implementation of a scene-dependent dynamically selfadaptable wavefront coding imaging system
A computational imaging system based on wavefront coding is presented. Wavefront coding provides an extension of the depth-of-field at the expense of a slight reduction of image quality. This trade-off results from the amount of coding used. By using spatial light modulators, a flexible coding is achieved which permits it to be increased or decreased as needed. In this paper a computational method is proposed for evaluating the output of a wavefront coding imaging system equipped with a spatial light modulator, with the aim of thus making it possible to implement the most suitable coding strength for a given scene. This is achieved in an unsupervised manner, thus the whole system acts as a dynamically selfadaptable imaging system. The program presented here controls the spatial light modulator and the camera, and also processes the images in a synchronised way in order to implement the dynamic system in real time. A prototype of the system was implemented in the laboratory and illustrative examples of the performance are reported in this paper
Phase control and measurement in digital microscopy
The ongoing merger of the digital and optical components of the modern microscope is creating opportunities for new measurement techniques, along with new challenges for optical modelling. This thesis investigates several such opportunities and challenges which are particularly relevant to biomedical imaging. Fourier optics is used throughout the thesis as the underlying conceptual model, with a particular emphasis on three--dimensional Fourier optics. A new challenge for optical modelling provided by digital microscopy is the relaxation of traditional symmetry constraints on optical design. An extension of optical transfer function theory to deal with arbitrary lens pupil functions is presented in this thesis. This is used to chart the 3D vectorial structure of the spatial frequency spectrum of the intensity in the focal region of a high aperture lens when illuminated by linearly polarised beam. Wavefront coding has been used successfully in paraxial imaging systems to extend the depth of field. This is achieved by controlling the pupil phase with a cubic phase mask, and thereby balancing optical behaviour with digital processing. In this thesis I present a high aperture vectorial model for focusing with a cubic phase mask, and compare it with results calculated using the paraxial approximation. The effect of a refractive index change is also explored. High aperture measurements of the point spread function are reported, along with experimental confirmation of high aperture extended depth of field imaging of a biological specimen. Differential interference contrast is a popular method for imaging phase changes in otherwise transparent biological specimens. In this thesis I report on a new isotropic algorithm for retrieving the phase from differential interference contrast images of the phase gradient, using phase shifting, two directions of shear, and non--iterative Fourier phase integration incorporating a modified spiral phase transform. This method does not assume that the specimen has a constant amplitude. A simulation is presented which demonstrates good agreement between the retrieved phase and the phase of the simulated object, with excellent immunity to imaging noise
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