3 research outputs found

    Performance issues in optical burst/packet switching

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    The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01524-3_8This chapter summarises the activities on optical packet switching (OPS) and optical burst switching (OBS) carried out by the COST 291 partners in the last 4 years. It consists of an introduction, five sections with contributions on five different specific topics, and a final section dedicated to the conclusions. Each section contains an introductive state-of-the-art description of the specific topic and at least one contribution on that topic. The conclusions give some points on the current situation of the OPS/OBS paradigms

    Explicit Routing for Traffic Engineering in Labeled Optical Burst-Switched WDM Networks

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    Offset time-emulated architecture for optical burst switching-modelling and performance evaluation

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    L'evoluci贸 de les xarxes publiques de transport de dades destaca per el continu augment de la demanda de tr脿fic a la que estan sotmeses. La causa 茅s la imparable popularitzaci贸 d'Internet i del seu 煤s per a tot tipus d'aplicacions. Les xarxes de commutaci贸 de r脿fegues 貌ptiques (OBS: Optical Bursts Switching) s贸n una soluci贸 extraordin脿riament prometedora per la pr貌xima generaci贸 de xarxes, tant per la flexibilitat que ofereixen com per el seu alt rendiment fruit de l'explotaci贸 de la multiplexaci贸 estad铆stica en el domini 貌ptic.Aquesta tesi presenta l'an脿lisi, modelitzaci贸 i avaluaci贸 de les xarxes de commutaci贸 de r脿fegues 貌ptiques basades en l'emulaci贸 del temps de compensaci贸 (emulated offset time: E-OBS). El concepte d'E-OBS defineix una arquitectura de xarxa OBS per al transportar i commutar r脿fegues 貌ptiques en una xarxa troncal en la que, al contrari de l'arquitectura convencional (C-OBS) en la que el temps de compensaci贸 s'introdueix des dels nodes d'acc茅s, el temps de compensaci贸 s'introdueix en cadascun dels nodes de la xarxa per mitj脿 d'un retardador de fibra addicional. L'arquitectura E-OBS permet superar algunes de les desavantatges inherents a arquitectures C-OBS, per貌 la seva gran virtut 茅s la compatibilitat amb les xarxes de commutaci贸 de circuits 貌ptics (OCS: Optical Circuit Switching) actuals i les futures xarxes de commutaci贸 de paquets 貌ptics (OPS: Optical Packet Switching), de manera que les xarxes OBS basades en una arquitectura E-OBS) poden facilitat enormement la transici贸 de unes a les altres.A ala vista dels principals requeriments de disseny de les xarxes OBS, que s贸n la resoluci贸 de contencions en el domini 貌ptic, la provisi贸 de qualitat de servei (QoS) i l'貌ptim encaminament de les r脿fegues per tal de minimitzar la congesti贸 de la xarxa, . en aquesta tesi es proposa un disseny de l'arquitectura E-OBS basada en (i) un m猫tode viable per a la provisi贸 del temps de compensaci贸, (ii) una qualitat alta global de servei, i (iii) un mecanisme d'encaminament que minimitzi congesti贸 de xarxa.- La primera part d'aquesta tesi proporciona la informaci贸 documental necess脿ria per al disseny d'E-OBS.- La segona part se centra en l'estudi de la funcionalitat i viabilitat de l'arquitectura E-OBS. S'introdueixen els principis d'operaci贸 d'E-OBS i s'identifiquen els principals esculls que presenten les arquitectures C-OBS i que deixen de ser-ho en una arquitectura E-OBS. Alguns d'aquests esculls s贸n la dificultat d'utilitzar un algorisme d'encaminament amb rutes alternatives, la complexitat dels algoritmes de reserva de recursos i la seva falta d'equitat, la complexitat en la provisi贸 de la QoS, etc. En aquesta segona part es constata que l'arquitectura E-OBS redueix la complexitat dels de reserva de recursos i es verifica la viabilitat d'operaci贸 i de funcionament de la provisi贸 del tremps de compensaci贸 en aquesta arquitectura a partir de figures de comportament obtingudes amb retardadors de fibra comercialment disponibles.- La tercera part encara el problema de la provisi贸 de la QoS. Primer s'hi revisen els conceptes b脿sics de QoS aix铆 com els mecanismes de tractament de la QoS per a xarxes OBS fent-ne una comparaci贸 qualitativa i de rendiment de tots ells. Com a resultat s'obt茅 que el mecanisme que presenta un millor comportament 茅s el d'avortament de la transmissi贸 de les r脿fegues de m茅s baixa prioritat quan aquestes col路lisionen amb una de prioritat m茅s alta (es l'anomenat Burst Preemption mechanism), el qual en alguns casos presenta un problema de senyalitzaci贸 innecess脿ria. Aquesta tercera part es conclou amb la proposta d'un mecanisme de finestra a afegir al esquema de Burst Preemption que nom茅s funciona sobre una arquitectura E-OBS i que soluciona aquest problema.- En la quarta part s'afronta el problema de l'encaminament en xarxes OBS. S'estudia el comportament dels algoritmes d'encaminament adaptatius, els a茂llats amb rutes alternatives i els multicam铆 distribu茂ts, sobre xarxes E-OBS. A la vista dels resultats no massa satisfactoris que s'obtenen, es planteja una soluci贸 alternativa que es basa en model d'optimitzaci贸 no lineal. Es formulen i resolen dos models d'optimitzaci贸 per als algoritmes encaminament de font multicam铆 que redueixen notablement la congesti贸 en les xarxes OBS.Finalment, aquesta tesi conclou que l'arquitectura E-OBS 茅s factible, que 茅s m茅s eficient que la C-OBS, que proveeix efica莽ment QoS, i que 茅s capa莽 d'operar amb diverses estrat猫gies d'encaminament i de reduir efica莽ment la congesti贸 de xarxa.The fact that the Internet is a packet-based connection-less network is the main driver to develop a data-centric transport network. In this context, the optical burst switching (OBS) technology is considered as a promising solution for reducing the gap between transmission and switching speeds in future networks.This thesis presents the analysis, modelling, and evaluation of the OBS network with Emulated offset-time provisioning (E-OBS). E-OBS defines an OBS network architecture to transport and switch optical data bursts in a core network. On the contrary to a conventional offset-time provisioning OBS (C-OBS) architecture, where a transmission offset time is introduced in the edge node, in an E-OBS network the offset time is provided in the core node by means of an additional fibre delay element. The architecture is motivated by several drawbacks inherent to C-OBS architectures. It should be pointed out that the E-OBS has not been studied intensively in the literature and this concept has been considered rather occasionally.Due to the limitations in optical processing and queuing, OBS networks need a special treatment so that they could solve problems typical of data-centric networks. Contention resolution in optical domain together with quality of service (QoS) provisioning for quality demanding services are, among other things, the main designing issues when developing OBS networks. Another important aspect is routing problem, which concerns effective balancing of traffic load so that to reduce burst congestion at overloaded links. Accounting for these requirements, the design objectives for the E-OBS architecture are (i) feasibility of offset-time provisioning, (ii) an overall high quality of service, and (iii) reduction of network congestion. These objectives are achieved by combining selected concepts and strategies, together with appropriate system design as well as network traffic engineering.The contributions in this thesis can be summarized as follows.- At the beginning, we introduce the principles of E-OBS operation and we demonstrate that C-OBS possesses many drawbacks that can be easily avoided in E-OBS. Some of the discussed issues are the problem of unfairness in resources reservation, difficulty with alternative routing, complexity of resources reservation algorithms, efficiency of burst scheduling, and complexity in QoS provisioning. The feasibility of E-OBS operation is investigated as well; in this context, the impact of congestion in control plane on OBS operation is studied. As a result, we confirm the feasibility of E-OBS operation with commercially available fibre delay elements.- Then, we provide both qualitative and quantitative comparison of the selected, most addressed in the literature, QoS mechanisms. As an outcome a burst preemption mechanism, which is characterized by the highest overall performance, is qualified for operating in E-OBS. Since the preemptive mechanism may produce the overbooking of resources in an OBS network we address this issue as well. We propose the preemption window mechanism to solve the problem. An analytical model of the mechanism legitimates correctness of our solution.- Finally, we concern with a routing problem - our routing objective is to help the contention resolution algorithms in the reduction of burst losses. We propose and evaluate two isolated alternative routing algorithms designed for labelled E-OBS networks. Then we study multi-path source routing and we use network optimization theory to improve it. The presented formulae for partial derivatives, to be used in a non-linear optimization problem, are straightforward and very fast to compute. It makes the proposed non-linear optimization method a viable alternative for linear programming formulations based on piecewise linear approximations.Concluding, E-OBS is shown to be a feasible OBS network architecture of profitable functionality, to support efficiently the QoS provisioning, and to be able to operate with different routing strategies and effectively reduce the network congestion
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