インドネシア東および北カリマンタン州における持続的森林管理支援への地球統計学手法の適用

学位の種別: 課程博士審査委員会委員 : (主査)東京大学准教授 露木 聡, 東京大学教授 溝口 勝, 東京大学教授 二宮 正士, 東京大学准教授 龍原 哲, 東京大学准教授 細井 文樹University of Tokyo(東京大学

Optimal interpolation method to predict the bathymetry of Saldanha Bay

Accurate interpolation when compiling bathymetric maps is essential in any water depth study. In the case of Saldanha Bay, continuous dredging operations are constantly altering the ocean floor, which has a detrimental effect on sedimentation and coastal hydrodynamics. If the integrity of the coastline is to be secured, accurate bathymetry predictions would be invaluable in determining the effect of dredging operations on coastal erosion. Inverse distance weighting (IDW) and ordinary kriging (OK) are two well-known and commonly used interpolation methods to produce surfaces through spatial autocorrelation for numerous applications, inter alia, to estimate bathymetry. This study aims to analyse and compare the efficiency of the IDW and OK interpolation methods to predict the bathymetry of Saldanha Bay. Three comparative interpolation tests, which vary according to the decrease in the quantity of sounding points, are conducted. SPSS statistical software was used to assess the performance of the interpolation methods. Firstly, 2D scatterplots were used to show the correlation between predicted and measured sounding values for each interpolation method. Secondly, analysis of variance was employed to investigate whether the difference between the IDW and OK interpolation methods was statistically significant, and to determine which method was best suited for determining the bathymetry of Saldanha Bay. Findings revealed a strong linear relationship between predicted and measured sounding values for both IDW and OK when 100% of the sounding points are used. Conversely, for medium and small quantities of sounding points, a weak correlation exists. Clear similarities exist in the way that IDW and OK estimate and generate the continuous surface of bathymetry. However, IDW consistently performed better than OK across all interpolation tests. The findings of this study will assist in selecting the most suitable interpolation method for future bathymetry surveys of Saldanha Bay

Variações multidecenais da precipitação na Colômbia e na Bacia do Prata e suas relações com os jatos de baixos níveis

The hypothesis investigated in this Thesis is that low frequency natural variations associated with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) can have a strong influence on the average behavior of precipitation and streamflow rates over the Colombian Biogeographic Choco (CBC) basins, and in extreme precipitation events over the La Plata Basin (LPB) driven by changes in low-level jets (LLJ) of South America. For this, spatial interpolations and cross-validation, trend and homogeneity tests, principal component analysis (PCA), extreme precipitation indices, and composite analysis were used. The main contributions of this research were: i) the interpolations allowed to examine the data and characteristics of annual and seasonal mean precipitation for the two study areas; through the cross-validation of multivariate geostatistical methods and deterministic methods, Cokriging was identified with the spherical (Gaussian) model as the best precipitation interpolator in the CBC region (in the LPB), using elevation as a secondary variable; ii) regarding the influence of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) on the variability of the Chocó Jet (CJ) and the Caribbean Low-Level Jet (CLLJ), there is an increase in the zonal wind in the center of the CJ during September-November (SON), reinforced after 1997, associated with negative sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the tropical Pacific Ocean and positive ones in the Caribbean Sea and Tropical North Atlantic (TNA), strengthen the CJ and weaken the CLLJ, enhanced the moisture transport to central and western Colombia, increasing the rainfall there. The results indicate that the combination of the cold phase of the PDO (CPDO) and the warm phase of the AMO (WAMO) defines a low-frequency medium state, which affects the interannual climate variability and can affect the CJ variability and the precipitation In Colombia; iii) the variations in the streamflow of the Atrato River Basin (ARB) during the 1965-2015 period, considering the cold (1965-1994) and warm (1995-2015) phases of the AMO, showed an increase after 1994. The warm tropical Atlantic during WAMO intensified the Walker circulation, causing an upward movement in the north and northwestern South America, which contributed to the positive rainfall anomalies and increased streamflow in the ARB; iv) the seasonal validation of the CHIRPS (Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Stations) precipitation dataset for the LPB, through the PCA, indicated that the CHIRPS v.2 dataset captures the spatial patterns and variability at different time scales in the LPB; v) an increase in total wet-day precipitation (PRCPTOT) and number of heavy precipitation days (R10mm) in the southern LPB (S-LPB) during SON, and an increase in the consecutive dry days (CDD) in northern LPB (N-LPB) during June-August (JJA) were observed. An upward change in R10mm after 1999 is identified during SON in S-LPB, associated with: teleconnections with the positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), drives an extratropical southern Rossby wave disturbance extending towards southeastern South America and configures a barotropic cyclone over the south of the continent, and favor the moisture transport from the northwestern and central Amazon to southern and western LPB; and increased moisture flow to LPB due to warming in the southwestern Atlantic. An important aspect discussed here is that the low-frequency background conditions are modulated by the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). The results, as well as the proposed methods, are of interest for low-frequency climate monitoring and forecasting, for water resources management and hydrometeorological risk in two regions of particular environmental and economic importance in South America.A hipótese investigada nessa Tese é que variações naturais de baixa frequência, associadas à Oscilação Multidecenal do Atlântico (AMO) podem ter uma forte influência sobre o comportamento médio da precipitação e vazão sobre as bacias do Choco Biogeográfico Colombiano (CBC) e sobre os eventos extremos de precipitação sobre a Bacia do Prata (LPB) impulsionadas por mudanças nos jatos de baixos níveis (LLJs) na América do Sul. Para isso, foram utilizadas interpolações espaciais e validação cruzada, testes de tendência e homogeneidade, Análises de Componentes Principais (PCA), índices extremos de precipitação e análises de composições. As principais contribuições de esta investigação foram: i) as interpolações permitiram examinar os dados e características da precipitação média anual e sazonal para as duas áreas de estudo; através da validação cruzada de métodos geoestatísticos multivariados e determinísticos, Cokriging com o modelo esférico (Gaussiano) foi identificado como o melhor interpolador da precipitação na região do CBC (na LPB), usando a elevação como variável secundária; ii) sobre a influência da Oscilação Multidecenal do Atlântico (AMO) na variabilidade do Jato do Choco (CJ) e do Caribe (CLLJ), se observa o aumento do vento zonal no centro do CJ durante Setembro-Novembro (SON), reforçado após de 1997, associado as anomalias negativas da temperatura da superfície do mar (TSM) no Oceano Pacífico tropical e positivas no Mar do Caribe e no Atlântico Norte Tropical (TNA) que enfraquecem (intensificam) o CLLJ (CJ), aprimorando o transporte de umidade para a região central e oeste da Colômbia e aumentando as precipitações. Os resultados indicam que a combinação da fase fria da PDO (CPDO) e a quente da AMO (WAMO), definem um background de baixa frequência, o que afeta a variabilidade climática interanual, e podem influenciar o CJ e as precipitações na Colômbia; iii) variações da vazão na Bacia do Rio Atrato (ARB) durante o período de 1965-2015, considerando as fases fria (1965-1994) e quente (1995-2015) mostraram o aumentou após 1994. O Atlântico tropical quente durante a WAMO intensifica a circulação de Walker, causando movimento ascendente no norte e noroeste da América do Sul, o que contribuiu para as anomalias positivas de chuva e aumento da vazão na ARB; iv) a validação sazonal do conjunto de dados de precipitação de CHIRPS (Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Stations) para a LPB, através de PCA, indicou que o conjunto de dados CHIRPS v.2 captura os padrões espaciais e a variabilidade em diferentes escalas de tempo na LPB; v) foram observadas tendências positivas na precipitação total em dias úmidos (PRCPTOT) e no número de dias de precipitação intensa (R10mm) na região sul da LPB (S-LPB) durante SON, e tendências positivas de dias secos consecutivos (CDD) no norte da LPB (N-LPB) durante Junho-Agosto (JJA). Uma mudança positiva no R10mm após de 1999 é identificada durante SON em S-LPB, associada com: teleconexões com o dipolo positivo do Oceano Indico (IOD), que gera uma perturbação extratropical de onda de Rossby no hemisfério sul que se estende em direção ao sudeste da América do Sul e configura um ciclone barotrópico sobre o sul do continente, favorecendo o transporte de umidade do noroeste e centro da Amazônia para o sul e oeste da LPB; e aumento do fluxo de umidade para a LPB devido ao aquecimento no Atlântico sudoeste. Um aspecto importante discutido aqui é que as condições do estado médio da baixa frequência são moduladas pela Oscilação Multidecenal do Atlântico (AMO). Os resultados, bem como os métodos propostos, são de interesse para o monitoramento e previsão climática de baixa frequência, a gestão dos recursos hídricos e o risco hidrometeorológico em duas regiões de especial interesses ambiental e econômico na América do Sul

Arsenic immobilization and transformation by biofilms developed over riverbed sediments

Biofilms are complex communities of autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms immersed in a matrix mainly composed by polysaccharides. They are ubiquitous over wet surfaces and provide protection for microorganisms. In river environments there is evidence that biofilms play an important role in the biogeochemical cycles of nutrients and contaminants. The objective of this work is to evaluate the effect of the fluvial epipsammic biofilm on the retention and transformation of As and to understand its interaction with this metalloid in the Anllóns River (Galicia, NW Spain), where As pollution has been observed. The results revealed that biofilms play a key role in As biogeochemistry in freshwater environments, favouring As immobilization, especially in environments where As and P occur simultaneously, and promoting As detoxification by inhibiting the reduction of AsV to AsIII and methylating inorganic As

Word and Image in Russian History

''Word and Image'' invokes and honors the scholarly contributions of Gary Marker. Twenty scholars from Russia, the United Kingdom, Italy, Ukraine and the United States examine some of the main themes of Marker’s scholarship on Russia—literacy, education, and printing; gender and politics; the importance of visual sources for historical study; and the intersections of religious and political discourse in Imperial Russia. A biography of Marker, a survey of his scholarship, and a list of his publications complete the volume

Dictionary of World Biography

Jones, Barry Owen (1932– ). Australian politician, writer and lawyer, born in Geelong. Educated at Melbourne University, he was a public servant, high school teacher, television and radio performer, university lecturer and lawyer before serving as a Labor MP in the Victorian Parliament 1972–77 and the Australian House of Representatives 1977–98. He took a leading role in reviving the Australian film industry, abolishing the death penalty in Australia, and was the first politician to raise public awareness of global warming, the ‘post-industrial’ society, the IT revolution, biotechnology, the rise of ‘the Third Age’ and the need to preserve Antarctica as a wilderness. In the Hawke Government, he was Minister for Science 1983–90, Prices and Consumer Affairs 1987, Small Business 1987–90 and Customs 1988–90. He became a member of the Executive Board of UNESCO, Paris 1991–95 and National President of the Australian Labor Party 1992–2000, 2005–06. He was Deputy Chairman of the Constitutional Convention 1998. His books include Decades of Decision 1860– (1965), Joseph II (1968), Age of Apocalypse (1975), and he edited The Penalty is Death (1968). Sleepers, Wake!: Technology and the Future of Work was published by Oxford University Press in 1982, became a bestseller and has been translated into Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Swedish and braille. The fourth edition was published in 1995. Knowledge Courage Leadership, a collection of speeches and essays, appeared in 2016. He received a DSc for his services to science in 1988 and a DLitt in 1993 for his work on information theory. Elected FTSE (1992), FAHA (1993), FAA (1996) and FASSA (2003), he is the only person to have become a Fellow of four of Australia’s five learned Academies. Awarded an AO in 1993, named as one of Australia’s 100 ‘living national treasures’ in 1998, he was elected a Visiting Fellow Commoner of Trinity College, Cambridge in 1999. His autobiography, A Thinking Reed, was published in 2006 and The Shock of Recognition, about music and literature, in 2016. In 2014 he received an AC for services ‘as a leading intellectual in Australian public life

Dictionary of World Biography: Fourth edition

Jones, Barry Owen (1932– ). Australian politician, writer and lawyer, born in Geelong. Educated at Melbourne University, he was a public servant, high school teacher, television and radio performer, university lecturer and lawyer before serving as a Labor MP in the Victorian Parliament 1972–77 and the Australian House of Representatives 1977–98. He took a leading role in reviving the Australian film industry, abolishing the death penalty in Australia, and was the first politician to raise public awareness of global warming, the ‘post-industrial’ society, the IT revolution, biotechnology, the rise of ‘the Third Age’ and the need to preserve Antarctica as a wilderness. In the Hawke Government, he was Minister for Science 1983–90, Prices and Consumer Affairs 1987, Small Business 1987–90 and Customs 1988–90. He became a member of the Executive Board of UNESCO, Paris 1991–95 and National President of the Australian Labor Party 1992–2000, 2005–06. He was Deputy Chairman of the Constitutional Convention 1998. His books include Decades of Decision 1860– (1965), Joseph II (1968), Age of Apocalypse (1975), and he edited The Penalty is Death (1968). Sleepers, Wake!: Technology and the Future of Work was published by Oxford University Press in 1982, became a bestseller and has been translated into Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Swedish and braille. The fourth edition was published in 1995. Knowledge Courage Leadership, a collection of speeches and essays, appeared in 2016. He received a DSc for his services to science in 1988 and a DLitt in 1993 for his work on information theory. Elected FTSE (1992), FAHA (1993), FAA (1996) and FASSA (2003), he is the only person to have been elected to all four Australian learned Academies. Awarded an AO in 1993, named as one of Australia’s 100 ‘living national treasures’ in 1998, he was elected a Visiting Fellow Commoner of Trinity College, Cambridge in 1999. His autobiography, A Thinking Reed, was published in 2006 and The Shock of Recognition, about music and literature, in 2016. In 2014 he received an AC for services ‘as a leading intellectual in Australian public life’

Dictionary of World Biography

Jones, Barry Owen (1932- ). Australian politician, writer and lawyer, born in Geelong. Educated at Melbourne University, he was a public servant, high school teacher, television and radio performer, university lecturer and lawyer before serving as a Labor MP in the Victorian Parliament 1972-77 and the Australian House of Representatives 1977-98. He took a leading role in reviving the Australian film industry, abolishing the death penalty in Australia, and was the first politician to raise public awareness of global warming, the ‘post-industrial’ society, the IT revolution, biotechnology, the rise of ‘the Third Age’ and the need to preserve Antarctica as a wilderness. In the Hawke Government, he was Minister for Science 1983-90, Prices and Consumer Affairs 1987, Small Business 1987-90 and Customs 1988-90. He became a member of the Executive Board of UNESCO, Paris 1991-95 and National President of the Australian Labor Party 1992-2000, 2005-06. He was Deputy Chairman of the Constitutional Convention 1998. His books include Decades of Decision 1860- (1965), Joseph II (1968), Age of Apocalypse (1975), and he edited The Penalty is Death (1968). Sleepers, Wake!: Technology and the Future of Work was published by Oxford University Press in 1982, became a bestseller and has been translated into Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Swedish and braille. The fourth edition was published in 1995. He received a DSc for his services to science in 1988 and a DLitt in 1993 for his work on information theory. Elected FTSE (1992), FAHA (1993), FAA (1996) and FASSA (2003), he is the only person to have been elected to all four Australian learned Academies. Awarded an AO in 1993, named as one of Australia’s one hundred ‘living national treasures’ in 1998, he was elected a Visiting Fellow Commoner of Trinity College, Cambridge in 1999. His autobiography, A Thinking Reed, was published in 2006

Dictionary of World Biography: Third edition

Jones, Barry Owen (1932– ). Australian politician, writer and lawyer, born in Geelong. Educated at Melbourne University, he was a public servant, high school teacher, television and radio performer, university lecturer and lawyer before serving as a Labor MP in the Victorian Parliament 1972-77 and the Australian House of Representatives 1977-98. He took a leading role in reviving the Australian film industry, abolishing the death penalty in Australia, and was the first politician to raise public awareness of global warming, the ‘post-industrial’ society, the IT revolution, biotechnology, the rise of ‘the Third Age’ and the need to preserve Antarctica as a wilderness. In the Hawke Government, he was Minister for Science 1983-90, Prices and Consumer Affairs 1987, Small Business 1987-90 and Customs 1988-90. He became a member of the Executive Board of UNESCO, Paris 1991-95 and National President of the Australian Labor Party 1992-2000, 2005-06. He was Deputy Chairman of the Constitutional Convention 1998. His books include Decades of Decision 1860 (1965), Joseph II(1968), Age of Apocalypse (1975), and he edited The Penalty is Death (1968). Sleepers, Wake!: Technology and the Future of Workwas published by Oxford University Press in 1982, became a bestseller and has been translated into Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Swedish and braille. The fourth edition was published in 1995. He received a DSc for his services to science in 1988 and a DLitt in 1993 for his work on information theory. Elected FTSE (1992), FAHA (1993), FAA(1996) and FASSA (2003), he is the only person to have been elected to all four Australian learned Academies. Awarded an AO in 1993, named as one of Australia’s one hundred ‘living national treasures’ in 1998, he was elected a Visiting Fellow Commoner of Trinity College, Cambridge in 1999. His autobiography, A Thinking Reed, was published in 2006 and The Shock of Recognition, about music and literature, in 2016. In 2014 he received an AC for services ‘as a leading intellectual in Australian public life’