38 research outputs found

    Which generation should migration promotion measures target to shortly achieve a compact structure for shrinking cities?

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    Aoki T., . Which generation should migration promotion measures target to shortly achieve a compact structure for shrinking cities?. Cities 150, 105020 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2024.105020.Streamlining urban areas to appropriate sizes based on the current population structure is an important and urgent issue. Therefore, Japan enacted the Location Normalization Plan in 2014, and a shift toward a more compact regional structure is underway. However, this plan cannot force people to migrate to the target area. Consequently, the formation of a compact regional structure is expected to persist for several decades. It consequently is crucial to shortly convert to a compact regional structure based on the voluntary migration of residents before the living environment outside residential zones deteriorates. This study analyzed the time required for the population to reach zero in urbanization-promoting areas excluded from residential attraction, using spatial statistical analysis. We assumed that multiple generations were the targets of the migration promotion policy, and considered the differences in each scenario. The results demonstrate that >100 years would be required before the natural withdrawal of target areas, and that migration policies targeting pre- and post-retirement generations were the most effective. This paper's contribution is valuable in that it discusses the importance of promoting relocation based on the viewpoint of the shortest possible shrinkage to the compacting measures currently being undertaken worldwide in matured cities

    ์‡ ํ‡ด๋„์‹œ ๋‚ด ๋นˆ์ง‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ๋ฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ธ์‹์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ: ์ธ์ฒœ ๊ตฌ์‹œ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ๋„์‹œ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•™์ „๊ณต, 2020. 8. ๊น€์„ธํ›ˆ.This dissertation investigated the spatial characteristics and social impact of urban shrinkage and housing abandonment in four separate but related papers focusing on the following sub-themes: (1) major paths of abandonment in the East Asian context, (2) distribution pattern and characteristics in terms of socio-spatial inequalities, (3) residents perceptions of vacant houses, and (4) neighborhood-specific clusters of vacant houses. Studies have been conducted in Incheon, one of the cities experiencing both city-wide growth and the decline of the inner city. Paper 1_ Housing abandonment in shrinking cities of East Asia: Case study in Incheon, South Korea Despite growing signs of urban shrinkage in countries such as Korea, Japan and China, few studies have examined the generalizable pattern of urban shrinkage and its relationship to the characteristics of housing abandonment in the East Asian context. This study explores five major paths that may explain the emergence of vacant houses in declining inner-city areas, based on empirical observations in the city of Incheon, South Korea. The paths are: (1) strong government-led new built-up area development plans (pull factor for population movement); (2) delay and cancellation of indiscriminate redevelopment projects (push factor for population movement); (3) initial poor development and concentration of substandard houses; (4) aging of the elderly population; and (5) the outflow of infrastructure and services. These paths, also found in Japan or China, are expected to be combined in a local context, leading to more serious housing abandonment. This study suggests that it is important to take appropriate countermeasures based on the identification of the paths causing vacant houses. Paper 2_ Planned inequality of the locational pattern of housing abandonment in shrinking inner-city areas of Incheon, South Korea Housing abandonment is one of the most distinctive features of urban shrinkage associated with depopulation and a loss of neighborhood attractiveness. Previous studies investigated the scale and the process of housing abandonment in the former industrialized cities in the United States and Europe. Yet very little was known about the characteristics of housing abandonment in cities that have experienced rapid urbanization in terms of spatial unevenness. In the study, based on a unique parcel-level dataset of vacant houses in Incheon, South Korea, the firths logistic regression analysis revealed that the building and parcel, urban neighborhood, economic, and socio-demographic determinants might explain the spatially selective occurrence of housing abandonment at intra-urban level. The results indicated that older, smaller, and inaccessible residential buildings developed with lower quality during the rapid urbanization period were more vulnerable to abandonment. The failure of indiscriminately planned redevelopment projects under the growth-oriented policies contributed to housing abandonment in concentrated areas. With the devastation of manufacturing and commercial areas due to the out-migration of households to the new suburbs, socially unsustainable environments, such as the concentration of elderly and less-educated people in the inner city, were significantly associated with the emergence of abandoned houses. Paper 3_ Perceptions of abandonment: Analyzing subjective perception on vacant houses using the photo-elicitation method Vacant houses have been regarded, in terms of the broken windows theory, as one of the signs of neighborhood disorder inducing prevalent violent crimes. Previous studies, mostly in the fields of public health and criminology, have indicated that vacant houses not only pose a threat to the physical health of residents but also deteriorate their mental health. However, little is known about the residents experiences and interpretations of vacant houses in declining neighborhoods. In this study, the perceptions of vacant houses in shrinking inner-city neighborhoods of Incheon, South Korea, were analyzed utilizing the semi-structured questionnaire and photo-elicitation methods. The surveyed residents expressed that they had been suffering from persistent daily life problems, not from the issues caused by the simple presence of vacant houses. The survey revealed that the residents degree of understanding and responsibility for neighborhoods and the level of experiences of and information on vacant houses affected subjective perceptions of vacant houses. Additionally, the photo-elicitation method involving both resident and non-resident groups revealed that the fear of vacant houses arose not only from the visible presence of abandonment but also from invisible wrongdoers or outsiders. The perception of how abandonment is managed also determined their feelings and responses toward vacant houses. The results suggest that suitable vacant house management and usage measures in shrinking cities should be provided for the remaining residents with pieces of broken windows. Paper 4_ The causes and characteristics of housing abandonment in an inner-city neighborhood: Focused on the Sungui-dong area, Nam-gu, Incheon The study aims to analyze the causes and characteristics of housing abandonment at a micro level and to draw the implications for urban design in the declining inner-city neighborhoods of Sungui-dong, Nam-gu, Incheon. This study created a theoretical frame explaining the mechanism between urban shrinkage and housing abandonment, and identified the spatial distribution pattern, characteristics, and causality of housing abandonment, applying qualitative methods. 80 vacant houses in Sungui-dong were distributed intensively in the four clusters. The results indicated that the different physical conditions of each cluster acted as driving forces influencing the pattern of housing abandonment. The clusters with poor physical environments, such as narrow streets and small parcels, attracted redevelopments cancellation and spatial concentration of socially-vulnerable populations, leading to the proliferation of vacant houses. The maintenance of public areas surrounding vacant houses played a decisive role in the occurrence of additional decline and the formation of stigmatized neighborhood images. Additionally, residents perceived the seriousness of housing abandonment differently depending on their residence locations and social characteristics. Further studies could aim to conduct an in-depth analysis of the urban spatial characteristics of housing abandonment, prepare public domain management plans, and identify residents awareness and behavior.๋„์‹œ์‡ ํ‡ด๋Š” ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋„์‹œ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋Š” ๋„์‹œํ˜„์ƒ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œ์‡ ํ‡ด๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ด๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™”๋œ ์„ธ๊ณ„์  ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ยท์‚ฌํšŒ์ ยท๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ํŠน์ • ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ๋„์‹œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋™๊ธฐ, ์œ ํ˜•, ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ์„œ๊ตฌ ๋„์‹œ๋“ค์—์„œ๋Š” ํƒˆ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”, ๊ต์™ธํ™”, ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์‡ ํ‡ด์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ํŒจํ„ด์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ด๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œ์‡ ํ‡ด์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ฐœํ˜„์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ฃผํƒ ํฌ๊ธฐ, ์ฆ‰ ๋นˆ์ง‘์„ ๊ผฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋นˆ์ง‘์€ ๋„์‹œ์‡ ํ‡ด์™€์˜ ํ•˜ํ–ฅ์  ์•…์ˆœํ™˜์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์•ˆ์—์„œ, ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ์•…ํ™”, ์ง€์—ญ ํ™œ๋ ฅ๋„์˜ ์ €ํ•˜, ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ, ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋น„์šฉ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์‡ ํ‡ด๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋นˆ์ง‘์€ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ๋Š” ์‡ ํ‡ด๋„์‹œ์˜ ํ™ฉํํ™”๋œ ๊ฑด์กฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๋„“๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋ถ„ํฌํŒจํ„ด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตฌ์‹œ๊ฐ€์ง€์™€ ์‹ ์‹œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐฉ์น˜๋œ ๋นˆ์ง‘์€ ์‡ ํ‡ด๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์— ์ž์˜์  ๋˜๋Š” ํƒ€์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ์ง„ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์— ์„œ์„œํžˆ ์นจํˆฌํ•˜์—ฌ, ์‹ ์ฒด์  ๋ฐ ์ •์‹ ์  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์— ์•…์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ํ†ต๊ณ„์ฒญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด 2017๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ด ์ฃผํƒ ์ˆ˜์˜ 7.4%์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์•ฝ 130๋งŒ ์ฑ„์˜ ๋นˆ์ง‘์ด ์ง‘๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” 2010๋…„์˜ ์•ฝ 80๋งŒ ์ฑ„ ๋Œ€๋น„ 59.3%๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์น˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋นˆ์ง‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ง€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, 2017๋…„์— ใ€Œ๋นˆ์ง‘ ๋ฐ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ์ฃผํƒ ์ •๋น„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํŠน๋ก€๋ฒ•ใ€์„ ์ œ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‡ ํ‡ด๋„์‹œ ๋‚ด ๋นˆ์ง‘ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฌ๊ด„์  ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ฒด๊ณ„์  ๋Œ€์ฑ…๋งˆ๋ จ์˜ ์‹œ๊ธ‰์„ฑ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋˜๋Š” ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถฐ์™”๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ถ”์ง„๋œ ๋นˆ์ง‘ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ •์ฑ… ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์—…๋“ค์€ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ผ์‹œ์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์ฑ…๋“ค์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์šฐ์„ ์‹œ ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋„์‹œ์‡ ํ‡ด์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ, ์†๋„, ์–‘์ƒ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์„œ๊ตฌ์™€๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋˜๋Š” ์ง•ํ›„๋“ค์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค, ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ํŠนํžˆ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ธ์ฒœ์—์„œ์˜ ์‹ค์ฆ์  ๊ด€์ฐฐ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ, ์›์ธ, ํŠน์„ฑ, ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ, ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ธ์‹์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋นˆ์ง‘์˜ ์—ญํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ๋„ค ๊ฐœ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‡ ํ‡ด๋„์‹œ ๋‚ด ์•…์ˆœํ™˜์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋Š๊ณ , ๋นˆ์ง‘์„ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ด€๋ฆฌยทํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ† ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ๋„์‹œ์‡ ํ‡ด์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด๊ณผ ์ด๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋นˆ์ง‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์ฐฉ์•ˆํ•˜์—ฌ, ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ธ์ฒœ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์  ๊ด€์ฐฐ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์‡ ํ‡ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์‹œ๊ฐ€์ง€์—์„œ ๋นˆ์ง‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ ์›์ธ ๋ฐ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €๋Š” ๋„์‹œ์‡ ํ‡ด์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋ถ€์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ •์น˜๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋“ค๋กœ, ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ •๋ถ€ ์ฃผ๋„์˜ ์‹ ์‹œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์ด์ „ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์‹œ๊ฐ€์ง€์—์„œ ๋ฌด์ฐจ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰๋œ ์ •๋น„์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์ง€์—ฐ ๋ฐ ์ทจ์†Œ์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋นˆ์ง‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์‹ ์‹œ๊ฐ€์ง€์™€ ๊ตฌ์‹œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ์ด๋™์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ „์ž๋Š” ์œ ์ธ์š”์ธ, ํ›„์ž๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ํ›„์ž๋Š” ๋นˆ์ง‘ ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋Š” ์••์ถ• ์„ฑ์žฅ ํ•˜์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋„์‹œํ™”์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ถˆ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์‹œ์„ค์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์—ด์•…ํ•œ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”๋œ ๋…ธํ›„ํ™”์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฐ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ นํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์œ ์ง€๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ํ™ฉํํ™”๋œ ๊ฑด์กฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์ทจ์•ฝ๊ณ„์ธต์ด ์ง‘์ค‘๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ๊ณ ์ฐฉํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์œ ์ž…์„ ์ €ํ•ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‚™์ธ ์ฐํžŒ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์‹œ์„ค, ์„œ๋น„์Šค, ์ Š์€ ์ธ๊ตฌ์ธต์˜ ์œ ์ถœ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์ด ์ €ํ•˜๋˜๊ณ  ๋นˆ์ง‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ ์•…์ˆœํ™˜์ด ์ง€์†๋จ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋“ค์€ ์ง€์—ญ์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์„œ๋กœ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ๊ณ  ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ทธ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ทน์‹ฌํ•œ ๋นˆ์ง‘ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ, ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋“ค์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฃผ๋„์˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ณ ๋„๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ๋„ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์—, ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์ •์ฑ…, ๋„์‹œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ทธ ์–‘์ƒ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒ์ƒ‰์€ ๋นˆ์ง‘์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์›์ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์ƒ์ดํ•˜๊ธฐ์—, ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋นˆ์ง‘ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์˜ ๋งˆ๋ จ๊ณผ ์ถ”ํ›„ ๊ธ‰์ฆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋นˆ์ง‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•จ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•„์ง€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํผ์Šค(firth)์˜ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์งง์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์— ๋„์‹œํ™” ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋นˆ์ง‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€์ธ ์ธ์ฒœ ๊ตฌ์‹œ๊ฐ€์ง€์—๋Š” ์ธ์ฒœ ์ „์ฒด ๋นˆ์ง‘์˜ 3/4์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์•ฝ 1,600์—ฌ ์ฑ„์˜ ๋นˆ์ง‘์ด ์œ„์น˜ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ๋ฐ ํ•„์ง€, ๋„์‹œ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ, ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ , ์ธ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์š”์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋นˆ์ง‘์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ํƒ์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๊ธ‰์†ํ•œ ๋„์‹œํ™”์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์ €ํ’ˆ์งˆ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์˜ค๋ž˜๋˜๊ณ , ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๊ณ , ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์šฉ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋นˆ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์— ๋” ์ทจ์•ฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์žฅ ์ง€ํ–ฅ์  ์ •์ฑ… ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋ฌด์ฐจ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„ํš๋œ ์ •๋น„์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์‹คํŒจ๋Š” ๋นˆ์ง‘ ๋ฐ€์ง‘์ง€์—ญ์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹ค์ œ ๊ตฌ์‹œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋นˆ์ง‘์˜ ์•ฝ 64%๊ฐ€ ์ •๋น„๊ตฌ์—ญ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์กฐ์—…์˜ ์˜์„ธํ™”์™€ ์ƒ์—…์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํ™ฉํํ™”๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์˜ ํ™œ๋ ฅ์„ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์ธ๊ตฌ์œ ์ถœ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๋นˆ์ง‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด, ๊ตฌ์‹œ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ์˜ ๋…ธ์ธ ๋ฐ ์ €ํ•™๋ ฅ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ง‘์ค‘๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์† ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ์กฐ์„ฑ์€ ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์˜ ๋‚™์ธ ์ฐํžŒ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์—, ๊ณ ํ•™๋ ฅ์˜ ์ Š์€ ์ธ๊ตฌ์ธต์˜ ์ดํƒˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋นˆ์ง‘ ์ถœํ˜„์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•ž์„  ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋„์‹œ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋”์šฑ ์‹ฌ๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋…ผ์˜๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์Šˆ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ๋„์‹œ ๋‚ด, ๊ตฌ์‹œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‚ด, ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ ๋‚ด, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋„์‹œ๋ธ”๋ก ๊ทœ๋ชจ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ ์  ๋” ์ž‘์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋‹จ์œ„์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ตฌ์‹œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ง€์—ฐ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ทจ์†Œ๋œ ์ •๋น„์‚ฌ์—… ๊ตฌ์—ญ์ด ๋นˆ์ง‘ ๋ฐ€์ง‘์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์˜จ์ƒ์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ด๋ฏธ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ๋ฐ ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์— ๋”ํ•ด, ์™œ๊ณก๋œ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ์–‘๊ทนํ™”๋ฅผ ์‹ฌํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ง€์†์ ยท์ ์ง„์ ์ธ ์‡ ํ‡ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ๋„์‹œ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ๋ Œ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋นˆ์ง‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์ฐฉ์•ˆํ•˜์—ฌ, ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์ง„์œ ๋„๊ธฐ๋ฒ•(photo-elicitation)์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ์ฒœ ๋‚จ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‡ ํ‡ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์‹œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์—์„œ ๋นˆ์ง‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋นˆ์ง‘์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณต์ค‘๋ณด๊ฑด ๋ฐ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ํ•™์˜ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ๊นจ์ง„ ์œ ๋ฆฌ์ฐฝ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด, ํญ๋ ฅ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์˜ ๋งŒ์—ฐ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ ๋ฌด์งˆ์„œ์˜ ์ง•ํ›„๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์งˆ์„œ์—์„œ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋กœ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ, ๋ฌด์งˆ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์ธ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์  ๋ฐ ๊ฑด์กฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์ด ์ด๋ก ์„ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์‡ ํ‡ด๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ์žฌ๋งฅ๋ฝํ™” ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธ์ฒœ ๋‚จ๊ตฌ์˜ 93๋ช…์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋นˆ์ง‘ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋นˆ์ง‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์€ ์‹ ์ฒด์  ๋ฐ ์ •์‹ ์  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•, ํ–‰๋™์  ๋Œ€์‘, ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ํ™œ๋™์—์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ธ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ, ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜, ๊ณต๋™์ฒด ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ธ์‹์˜ ์ด์งˆ์„ฑ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ด€์—ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธ์ฒœ ๋‚จ๊ตฌ ์ˆญ์˜๋™์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ 10๋ช…๊ณผ ๋น„์ฃผ๋ฏผ 10๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ง„์œ ๋„์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์ด 13์žฅ์˜ ๋นˆ์ง‘ ์‚ฌ์ง„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‘ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ๋‘๋ ค์›€์„ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ์ •๋„์™€ ์ด์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์‡ ํ‡ด๋„์‹œ ๋‚ด ๋นˆ์ง‘๋“ค์„ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์Šˆ๋“ค์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์‡ ํ‡ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์‹œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์—์„œ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ณ ์ฐฉํ™”๋œ ๋นˆ์ง‘๋“ค์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ, ๋จผ์ง€, ์•…์ทจ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ˆ์งˆ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์™”๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด ๋ฐ ์ฑ…์ž„์˜ ์ •๋„, ๋นˆ์ง‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๋ฐ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋นˆ์ง‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ธ์‹์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋นˆ์ง‘์˜ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ, ๊ฑด์กฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ์œ ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์•”์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด ๋นˆ์ง‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ์ • ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์‘์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ง€์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ๋นˆ์ง‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์˜ ๊ฐ์ •์€ ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ ์ธ ๊ฑด์กฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋น„๊ฐ€์‹œ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ธฐ์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋นˆ์ง‘์˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ํ™œ์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋„์‹œ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฏธ์‹œ์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ์˜ ๋นˆ์ง‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŒŒ์•…์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ, ์‡ ํ‡ดํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ์ฒœ ๋‚จ๊ตฌ ์ˆญ์˜๋™ ๋‚ด ๊ทผ๋ฆฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ๋นˆ์ง‘ ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋นˆ์ง‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ ์›์ธ ๋ฐ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„์‹œ์‡ ํ‡ด์™€ ๋นˆ์ง‘ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ๋ฐ ๋ˆ„์ ๋˜๋Š” ์•…์ˆœํ™˜์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ์ด๋ก ์  ํ‹€๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•œ ํ›„, ๋นˆ์ง‘์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋ฐ ํŠน์„ฑ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚จ๊ตฌ์˜ 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Housing abandonment in shrinking cities of East Asia: Case study in Incheon, South Korea 5 1. Introduction 5 2. Theoretical Framework and Research Site 10 3. Results 14 4. Discussion 26 5. Conclusion 35 Chapter 2. Planned inequality of the locational pattern of housing abandonment in shrinking inner-city areas of Incheon, South Korea 37 1. Introduction 37 2. Literature Review 41 3. Data and Methods 47 4. Results 58 5. Discussion 70 6. Conclusion 76 Chapter 3. Perceptions of abandonment: Analyzing subjective perception on vacant houses using the photo-elicitation method 78 1. Introduction 78 2. Literature Review 83 3. Methods 90 4. Results 96 5. Discussion 119 Chapter 4. The causes and characteristics of housing abandonment in an inner-city neighborhood: Focused on the Sungui-dong area, Nam-gu, Incheon 125 1. Introduction 125 2. Theoretical Consideration 136 3. Results 143 4. Discussion 162 5. Conclusion 164 Conclusion 167 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 174 REFERENCES 175 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 184Docto

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    Sustainability; Climate change; Saturation; Leading country in resolving societal problems; Resource self-sufficiency; Urban mines; Renewable energy; Human-nature symbiosis; Aging society; Longevity; Lifelong learning; Sustainable cities; Low carbon society; Zero emission; Quality of lif

    โ€œWe Will Establish a Virtuous Cycle in Which Jobs Attract People and People Attract Jobsโ€ : Analysis of Abe Administrationโ€™s Regional Revitalization Documents from 2014 to 2020

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    In 2012, the re-elected Prime Minister Shinzล Abe and his administration faced the harsh truth: Japanโ€™s regional economies were struggling because of overconcentration of people and services in metropolitan areas, population was in crisis due to declining birth rate, the Japanese work culture needed to be reformed and the emergence of new lifestyles demanded better work-life balance. To battle this situation Abe launched the Headquarters for Revitalizing Towns, People, and Jobs in 2014 and introduced Chihล sลsei, regional revitalization, which would become one of his flagship policies for the next 6 years. This thesis analysed the policies about revitalizing the rural areas in Japan and aimed to understand how Abeโ€™s administration attempted to prevent the rural regions from hollowing out. The documents were analysed from the perspective of work related issues. Japanese work culture and work style reform are in the center of regional revitalization: available jobs attract people to an area and where there are people there will be more jobs. Literature argues that without work reforms Japan will not be able to correct its birth rate that is in downward spiral. This will lead to significantly smaller population that needs to take care of the large population of over 65-year-olds in the future. Furthermore, Japan needs to acknowledge women as an equally important workforce as men. The purpose of this study was to find out what themes emerge from the 9 selected regional revitalization policy papers from 2014 to 2020 and how work was described in these documents. I chose work related terms and conducted a content analysis on the excerpts that talked about these terms. I discussed the findings by gathering them in groups around five central themes found in the documents. As this study shows, the themes include women, gender roles, death from overwork, diverse lifestyles and rural nostalgia. The focus of reforms was often on women which is understandable since Japanese work culture has always been male dominated. Empowering women and enabling better work-life balance for women as well as addressing the conservative attitudes and expectations on women that are still strongly embedded in Japanese society are the key points of discussion on work. What I found out was that concrete actions were scarce compared to the governmentโ€™s reassurances of how much they wanted to make positive change in the Japanese society. Also, since womenโ€™s situation was largely covered I expected there to be more detailed information about young peopleโ€™s situation in work life as well, but this was missing from the documents. Women continue to be attracted to big cities more than men. Although the idea about rural areas feels inviting and nostalgic to many, it became evident from the policy documents that people also see rural areas as conservative and narrow-minded places. Although the government understands that excessive working hours are not beneficial it is difficult to change this part of the Japanese work culture. Furthermore, government wished to make telework an essential part of Japanese work culture but telework is not always possible because of Japanese SMEโ€™s reluctance to change their traditional work style and the lack of high-speed internet across the country

    Carbon Pricing in Japan

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    This open access book evaluates, from an economic perspective, various measures introduced in Japan to prevent climate change. Although various countries have implemented such policies in response to the pressing issue of climate change, the effectiveness of those programs has not been sufficiently compared. In particular, policy evaluations in the Asian region are far behind those in North America and Europe due to data limitations and political reasons. The first part of the book summarizes measures in different sectors in Japan to prevent climate change, such as emissions trading and carbon tax, and assesses their impact. The second part shows how those policies have changed the behavior of firms and households. In addition, it presents macro-economic simulations that consider the potential of renewable energy. Lastly, based on these comprehensive assessments, it compares the effectiveness of measures to prevent climate change in Japan and Western countries. Providing valuable insights, this book will appeal to both academic researchers and policymakers seeking cost-effective measures against climate change
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