Pengembangan tata bahasa baku bahasa Indonesia (TBBI) daring terpadu

Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa (Badan Bahasa) di bawah naungan Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia, sebagai instansi pemerintah yang ditugaskan untuk menangani masalah kebahasaan dan kesastraan di Indonesia, menerbitkan berbagai produk kebahasaan. Dua produk yang sering dimanfaatkan para pemelajar bahasa Indonesia adalah Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) dan Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia (TBBI). KBBI terbaru edisi kelima (Amalia 2016) diluncurkan pada tahun 2016 dalam tiga versi: cetak, daring, dan luring (Moeljadi et al. 2017). Sejak diluncurkan pada 28 Oktober 2016, KBBI Daring mendapat sambutan hangat masyarakat, baik dari dalam maupun luar negeri. KBBI Daring memudahkan pemelajar bahasa Indonesia dan masyarakat umum menggunakan kamus pada era digital ini. Hal yang serupa dapat dilakukan untuk TBBI. Makalah ini membahas tahap awal pengembangan pangkalan data dan laman TBBI Daring Terpadu dengan menggunakan tata bahasa komputasional bahasa Indonesia INDRA (Indonesian Resource Grammar) (Moeljadi et al. 2015) yang dikembangkan dengan metode rekayasa tata bahasa dengan mengacu pada buku-buku referensi tata bahasa baku bahasa Indonesia, terutama TBBI (Alwi et al. 2014) dan Indonesian Reference Grammar (Sneddon et al. 2010). TBBI Daring Terpadu akan memuat aturan-aturan tata bahasa bahasa Indonesia baku, dipadukan dengan leksikon dan contoh-contoh dari korpus bahasa Indonesia baku yang telah dianotasi secara sintaksis dan semantis. Penulis berharap TBBI Daring Terpadu dapat menjadi acuan utama tata bahasa baku bahasa Indonesia yang dapat diakses dengan mudah oleh para penggunanya, misalnya pemelajar Bahasa Indonesia bagi Penutur Asing (BIPA), dan dapat memperkaya KBBI Daring dalam penggolongan kelas kata yang lebih spesifik, serta mendorong kemajuan bidang linguistik komputasional dan pemrosesan bahasa alami bahasa Indonesia, misalnya dalam penerjemahan mesin dan pengembangan sistem pemeriksaan gramatika dan leksikon bahasa Indonesia baku

Modeling information structure in a cross-linguistic perspective

This study makes substantial contributions to both the theoretical and computational treatment of information structure, with a specific focus on creating natural language processing applications such as multilingual machine translation systems. The present study first provides cross-linguistic findings in regards to information structure meanings and markings. Building upon such findings, the current model represents information structure within the HPSG/MRS framework using Individual Constraints. The primary goal of the present study is to create a multilingual grammar model of information structure for the LinGO Grammar Matrix system. The present study explores the construction of a grammar library for creating customized grammar incorporating information structure and illustrates how the information structure-based model improves performance of transfer-based machine translation

Treebank-based acquisition of Chinese LFG resources for parsing and generation

This thesis describes a treebank-based approach to automatically acquire robust,wide-coverage Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG) resources for Chinese parsing and generation, which is part of a larger project on the rapid construction of deep, large-scale, constraint-based, multilingual grammatical resources. I present an application-oriented LFG analysis for Chinese core linguistic phenomena and (in cooperation with PARC) develop a gold-standard dependency-bank of Chinese f-structures for evaluation. Based on the Penn Chinese Treebank, I design and implement two architectures for inducing Chinese LFG resources, one annotation-based and the other dependency conversion-based. I then apply the f-structure acquisition algorithm together with external, state-of-the-art parsers to parsing new text into "proto" f-structures. In order to convert "proto" f-structures into "proper" f-structures or deep dependencies, I present a novel Non-Local Dependency (NLD) recovery algorithm using subcategorisation frames and f-structure paths linking antecedents and traces in NLDs extracted from the automatically-built LFG f-structure treebank. Based on the grammars extracted from the f-structure annotated treebank, I develop a PCFG-based chart generator and a new n-gram based pure dependency generator to realise Chinese sentences from LFG f-structures. The work reported in this thesis is the first effort to scale treebank-based, probabilistic Chinese LFG resources from proof-of-concept research to unrestricted, real text. Although this thesis concentrates on Chinese and LFG, many of the methodologies, e.g. the acquisition of predicate-argument structures, NLD resolution and the PCFG- and dependency n-gram-based generation models, are largely language and formalism independent and should generalise to diverse languages as well as to labelled bilexical dependency representations other than LFG

Superseded: Grammatical theory: From transformational grammar to constraint-based approaches. Second revised and extended edition.

This book is superseded by the third edition, available at http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/255. This book introduces formal grammar theories that play a role in current linguistic theorizing (Phrase Structure Grammar, Transformational Grammar/Government & Binding, Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar, Lexical Functional Grammar, Categorial Grammar, Head-​Driven Phrase Structure Grammar, Construction Grammar, Tree Adjoining Grammar). The key assumptions are explained and it is shown how the respective theory treats arguments and adjuncts, the active/passive alternation, local reorderings, verb placement, and fronting of constituents over long distances. The analyses are explained with German as the object language. The second part of the book compares these approaches with respect to their predictions regarding language acquisition and psycholinguistic plausibility. The nativism hypothesis, which assumes that humans posses genetically determined innate language-specific knowledge, is critically examined and alternative models of language acquisition are discussed. The second part then addresses controversial issues of current theory building such as the question of flat or binary branching structures being more appropriate, the question whether constructions should be treated on the phrasal or the lexical level, and the question whether abstract, non-visible entities should play a role in syntactic analyses. It is shown that the analyses suggested in the respective frameworks are often translatable into each other. The book closes with a chapter showing how properties common to all languages or to certain classes of languages can be captured. The book is a translation of the German book Grammatiktheorie, which was published by Stauffenburg in 2010. The following quotes are taken from reviews: With this critical yet fair reflection on various grammatical theories, Müller fills what was a major gap in the literature. Karen Lehmann, Zeitschrift für Rezen­sio­nen zur ger­man­is­tis­chen Sprach­wis­senschaft, 2012 Stefan Müller’s recent introductory textbook, Gram­matik­the­o­rie, is an astonishingly comprehensive and insightful survey for beginning students of the present state of syntactic theory. Wolfgang Sternefeld und Frank Richter, Zeitschrift für Sprach­wissen­schaft, 2012 This is the kind of work that has been sought after for a while [...] The impartial and objective discussion offered by the author is particularly refreshing. Werner Abraham, Germanistik, 2012   This book is a new edition of http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/25

Superseded: Grammatical theory: From transformational grammar to constraint-based approaches. Second revised and extended edition.

This book is superseded by the third edition, available at http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/255. This book introduces formal grammar theories that play a role in current linguistic theorizing (Phrase Structure Grammar, Transformational Grammar/Government & Binding, Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar, Lexical Functional Grammar, Categorial Grammar, Head-​Driven Phrase Structure Grammar, Construction Grammar, Tree Adjoining Grammar). The key assumptions are explained and it is shown how the respective theory treats arguments and adjuncts, the active/passive alternation, local reorderings, verb placement, and fronting of constituents over long distances. The analyses are explained with German as the object language. The second part of the book compares these approaches with respect to their predictions regarding language acquisition and psycholinguistic plausibility. The nativism hypothesis, which assumes that humans posses genetically determined innate language-specific knowledge, is critically examined and alternative models of language acquisition are discussed. The second part then addresses controversial issues of current theory building such as the question of flat or binary branching structures being more appropriate, the question whether constructions should be treated on the phrasal or the lexical level, and the question whether abstract, non-visible entities should play a role in syntactic analyses. It is shown that the analyses suggested in the respective frameworks are often translatable into each other. The book closes with a chapter showing how properties common to all languages or to certain classes of languages can be captured. The book is a translation of the German book Grammatiktheorie, which was published by Stauffenburg in 2010. The following quotes are taken from reviews: With this critical yet fair reflection on various grammatical theories, Müller fills what was a major gap in the literature. Karen Lehmann, Zeitschrift für Rezen­sio­nen zur ger­man­is­tis­chen Sprach­wis­senschaft, 2012 Stefan Müller’s recent introductory textbook, Gram­matik­the­o­rie, is an astonishingly comprehensive and insightful survey for beginning students of the present state of syntactic theory. Wolfgang Sternefeld und Frank Richter, Zeitschrift für Sprach­wissen­schaft, 2012 This is the kind of work that has been sought after for a while [...] The impartial and objective discussion offered by the author is particularly refreshing. Werner Abraham, Germanistik, 2012   This book is a new edition of http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/25

Grammatical theory: From transformational grammar to constraint-based approaches. Second revised and extended edition.

This book is superseded by the third edition, available at http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/255. This book introduces formal grammar theories that play a role in current linguistic theorizing (Phrase Structure Grammar, Transformational Grammar/Government & Binding, Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar, Lexical Functional Grammar, Categorial Grammar, Head-​Driven Phrase Structure Grammar, Construction Grammar, Tree Adjoining Grammar). The key assumptions are explained and it is shown how the respective theory treats arguments and adjuncts, the active/passive alternation, local reorderings, verb placement, and fronting of constituents over long distances. The analyses are explained with German as the object language. The second part of the book compares these approaches with respect to their predictions regarding language acquisition and psycholinguistic plausibility. The nativism hypothesis, which assumes that humans posses genetically determined innate language-specific knowledge, is critically examined and alternative models of language acquisition are discussed. The second part then addresses controversial issues of current theory building such as the question of flat or binary branching structures being more appropriate, the question whether constructions should be treated on the phrasal or the lexical level, and the question whether abstract, non-visible entities should play a role in syntactic analyses. It is shown that the analyses suggested in the respective frameworks are often translatable into each other. The book closes with a chapter showing how properties common to all languages or to certain classes of languages can be captured. The book is a translation of the German book Grammatiktheorie, which was published by Stauffenburg in 2010. The following quotes are taken from reviews: With this critical yet fair reflection on various grammatical theories, Müller fills what was a major gap in the literature. Karen Lehmann, Zeitschrift für Rezen­sio­nen zur ger­man­is­tis­chen Sprach­wis­senschaft, 2012 Stefan Müller’s recent introductory textbook, Gram­matik­the­o­rie, is an astonishingly comprehensive and insightful survey for beginning students of the present state of syntactic theory. Wolfgang Sternefeld und Frank Richter, Zeitschrift für Sprach­wissen­schaft, 2012 This is the kind of work that has been sought after for a while [...] The impartial and objective discussion offered by the author is particularly refreshing. Werner Abraham, Germanistik, 2012   This book is a new edition of http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/25

Superseded: Grammatical theory: From transformational grammar to constraint-based approaches. Second revised and extended edition.

This book is superseded by the third edition, available at http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/255. This book introduces formal grammar theories that play a role in current linguistic theorizing (Phrase Structure Grammar, Transformational Grammar/Government & Binding, Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar, Lexical Functional Grammar, Categorial Grammar, Head-​Driven Phrase Structure Grammar, Construction Grammar, Tree Adjoining Grammar). The key assumptions are explained and it is shown how the respective theory treats arguments and adjuncts, the active/passive alternation, local reorderings, verb placement, and fronting of constituents over long distances. The analyses are explained with German as the object language. The second part of the book compares these approaches with respect to their predictions regarding language acquisition and psycholinguistic plausibility. The nativism hypothesis, which assumes that humans posses genetically determined innate language-specific knowledge, is critically examined and alternative models of language acquisition are discussed. The second part then addresses controversial issues of current theory building such as the question of flat or binary branching structures being more appropriate, the question whether constructions should be treated on the phrasal or the lexical level, and the question whether abstract, non-visible entities should play a role in syntactic analyses. It is shown that the analyses suggested in the respective frameworks are often translatable into each other. The book closes with a chapter showing how properties common to all languages or to certain classes of languages can be captured. The book is a translation of the German book Grammatiktheorie, which was published by Stauffenburg in 2010. The following quotes are taken from reviews: With this critical yet fair reflection on various grammatical theories, Müller fills what was a major gap in the literature. Karen Lehmann, Zeitschrift für Rezen­sio­nen zur ger­man­is­tis­chen Sprach­wis­senschaft, 2012 Stefan Müller’s recent introductory textbook, Gram­matik­the­o­rie, is an astonishingly comprehensive and insightful survey for beginning students of the present state of syntactic theory. Wolfgang Sternefeld und Frank Richter, Zeitschrift für Sprach­wissen­schaft, 2012 This is the kind of work that has been sought after for a while [...] The impartial and objective discussion offered by the author is particularly refreshing. Werner Abraham, Germanistik, 2012   This book is a new edition of http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/25

A robust unification-based parser for Chinese natural language processing.

Chan Shuen-ti Roy.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 168-175).Abstracts in English and Chinese.Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.12Chapter 1.1. --- The nature of natural language processing --- p.12Chapter 1.2. --- Applications of natural language processing --- p.14Chapter 1.3. --- Purpose of study --- p.17Chapter 1.4. --- Organization of this thesis --- p.18Chapter 2. --- Organization and methods in natural language processing --- p.20Chapter 2.1. --- Organization of natural language processing system --- p.20Chapter 2.2. --- Methods employed --- p.22Chapter 2.3. --- Unification-based grammar processing --- p.22Chapter 2.3.1. --- Generalized Phase Structure Grammar (GPSG) --- p.27Chapter 2.3.2. --- Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) --- p.31Chapter 2.3.3. --- Common drawbacks of UBGs --- p.33Chapter 2.4. --- Corpus-based processing --- p.34Chapter 2.4.1. --- Drawback of corpus-based processing --- p.35Chapter 3. --- Difficulties in Chinese language processing and its related works --- p.37Chapter 3.1. --- A glance at the history --- p.37Chapter 3.2. --- Difficulties in syntactic analysis of Chinese --- p.37Chapter 3.2.1. --- Writing system of Chinese causes segmentation problem --- p.38Chapter 3.2.2. --- Words serving multiple grammatical functions without inflection --- p.40Chapter 3.2.3. --- Word order of Chinese --- p.42Chapter 3.2.4. --- The Chinese grammatical word --- p.43Chapter 3.3. --- Related works --- p.45Chapter 3.3.1. --- Unification grammar processing approach --- p.45Chapter 3.3.2. --- Corpus-based processing approach --- p.48Chapter 3.4. --- Restatement of goal --- p.50Chapter 4. --- SERUP: Statistical-Enhanced Robust Unification Parser --- p.54Chapter 5. --- Step One: automatic preprocessing --- p.57Chapter 5.1. --- Segmentation of lexical tokens --- p.57Chapter 5.2. --- "Conversion of date, time and numerals" --- p.61Chapter 5.3. --- Identification of new words --- p.62Chapter 5.3.1. --- Proper nouns ´ؤ Chinese names --- p.63Chapter 5.3.2. --- Other proper nouns and multi-syllabic words --- p.67Chapter 5.4. --- Defining smallest parsing unit --- p.82Chapter 5.4.1. --- The Chinese sentence --- p.82Chapter 5.4.2. --- Breaking down the paragraphs --- p.84Chapter 5.4.3. --- Implementation --- p.87Chapter 6. --- Step Two: grammar construction --- p.91Chapter 6.1. --- Criteria in choosing a UBG model --- p.91Chapter 6.2. --- The grammar in details --- p.92Chapter 6.2.1. --- The PHON feature --- p.93Chapter 6.2.2. --- The SYN feature --- p.94Chapter 6.2.3. --- The SEM feature --- p.98Chapter 6.2.4. --- Grammar rules and features principles --- p.99Chapter 6.2.5. --- Verb phrases --- p.101Chapter 6.2.6. --- Noun phrases --- p.104Chapter 6.2.7. --- Prepositional phrases --- p.113Chapter 6.2.8. --- """Ba2"" and ""Bei4"" constructions" --- p.115Chapter 6.2.9. --- The terminal node S --- p.119Chapter 6.2.10. --- Summary of phrasal rules --- p.121Chapter 6.2.11. --- Morphological rules --- p.122Chapter 7. --- Step Three: resolving structural ambiguities --- p.128Chapter 7.1. --- Sources of ambiguities --- p.128Chapter 7.2. --- The traditional practices: an illustration --- p.132Chapter 7.3. --- Deficiency of current practices --- p.134Chapter 7.4. --- A new point of view: Wu (1999) --- p.140Chapter 7.5. --- Improvement over Wu (1999) --- p.142Chapter 7.6. --- Conclusion on semantic features --- p.146Chapter 8. --- "Implementation, performance and evaluation" --- p.148Chapter 8.1. --- Implementation --- p.148Chapter 8.2. --- Performance and evaluation --- p.150Chapter 8.2.1. --- The test set --- p.150Chapter 8.2.2. --- Segmentation of lexical tokens --- p.150Chapter 8.2.3. --- New word identification --- p.152Chapter 8.2.4. --- Parsing unit segmentation --- p.156Chapter 8.2.5. --- The grammar --- p.158Chapter 8.3. --- Overall performance of SERUP --- p.162Chapter 9. --- Conclusion --- p.164Chapter 9.1. --- Summary of this thesis --- p.164Chapter 9.2. --- Contribution of this thesis --- p.165Chapter 9.3. --- Future work --- p.166References --- p.168Appendix I --- p.176Appendix II --- p.181Appendix III --- p.18