Performance Analysis of Multiple Access Techniques for LTE system under Symbol Error Rate (SER) Calculation

In the recent years, so many technologies in multiple access trends have influenced the field of Wireless Sensor Networks in significant ways. Various trends are readily available technology of ubiquitous wireless sensor networks as well as wireless communication networks and progress in the development of two multiple access techniques are compared in this scenario: the OFDMA and SC-FDMA. The OFDMA and SC-FDMA transceivers are modeled and simulated considering both the interleaved and localized subcarriers mapping schemes. WSNs have the potentiality to connect the physical world with the virtual world by forming a network of sensor nodes. To prolong the networklsquo;s hop in terms of single and two hop using both techniques should be used in the sensor nodes. The minimization of computing and storage platforms as well as the development of novel micro sensors and sensor materials with high reliability force encourages technology in research on WSN. In this paper, we will proposed the field of multipath routing in wireless sensor networks, and mainly focus on the technology of SER of WSNs

Performance and energy efficiency in wireless self-organized networks

fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

Link Quality Driven Multipath Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

In Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) routing protocols are used to discover routes between a source-destination pair. The traditional routing protocols in MANETs discovery routes based on the shortest hop count metric due to which the routes selected for data transmission may be of low quality. A link on a selected route is low considered as low quality link if it requires more number of re-transmissions to transmit a data packet to next hop. This can be happen due to interference and contention on the link caused by nearby data sessions of high distance between the communication nodes which weakens the signal strength due to which the probability of frame error rate increases. Therefore, we require a routing protocol which uses a route discovery process which is based on other metrics than the shortest hop count to improve the communication process in wireless MANETs. In this thesis, we propose a multipath route discovery algorithm which considers the quality of an intermediate link as a metric for its inclusion in the possible routes selected between a source-destination pair. We can now use the secondary route without causing a new route discovery process due to this the network overhead caused by a route discovery process will be avoided. This increases the network communication performance greatly. The proposed LQMR routing protocol is implemented in the trail version of network simulator called EXata. The simulation results are taken on various network scenarios which are created with varying network loads and network mobility to check the effectiveness of our proposed method. Various performance metrics are used to evaluate the simulation results obtained such as end-to-end network delay, network routing overhead and packet delivery ratio. The performance metrics evaluation and analysis show that the proposed LQMR protocol greatly improves the performance of data transmission in MANETs while effectively handle the topology changes caused by the network mobility

A Novel Energy Aware Clustering Mechanism with Fuzzy Logic in MANET Environment

A Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) comprises of the vast range of devices such as sensors, smart phones, laptops and other mobile devices that connect with each other across wireless networks and collaborate in a dispersed fashion to offer network functions in the absence of a permanent infrastructure. The Cluster Head (CH) selection in a clustered MANET is still crucial for lowering each node's energy consumption and increasing the network's lifetime. However, in existing clustering mechanism trust of the all nodes are presumed those causes increased challenge in the MANET environment. Security is a crucial factor when constructing ad-hoc networks. In a MANET, energy consumption in route optimization is dependent on network resilience and connectivity. The primary objective of this study is to design a reliable clustering mechanism for MANETs that takes energy efficiency into account. For trusted energy-efficient CH in the nodes, a safe clustering strategy integrating energy-efficient and fuzzy logic based energy clustering is proposed to address security problems brought about by malicious nodes and to pick a trustworthy node as CH. To improve the problem findings Bat algorithm (BAT) is integrated with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The PSO technique is inspired because it imitates the sociological characteristics of the flock of the birds through random population. The BAT is a metaheuristic algorithm inspired by microbat echolocation behavior that uses pulse average with global optimization of the average path in the network. Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization (HPSO) and BAT techniques are applied to identify the best route between the source and destination. According to the simulation results, the suggested Fuzzy logic Particle Swarm Optimization BAT (FLPSO-BAT) technique has a minimum latency of 0.0019 milliseconds, with energy consumption value of 0.09 millijoules, maximal throughput of 0.76 bits per sec and detection rate of 90.5% without packet dropping attack

MSEP-E: Enhanced Stable Election Protocol with Multihop Communication

In this paper, we have implemented cluster based novel multihop stable election protocol extended (MSEP-E) which does multihop communication between CHs and sensor nodes towards the sink. The sensor nodes and CHs which are nearer to sink send data directly to the sink while the nodes which are farther from the sink send data to its nearest hop towards the sink. Multihop communication is often required when communication range of sensor nodes is limited or number of sensor nodes is very large in the network. Evaluation and comparison reveals that MSEP-E protocol utilizes less power and attain greater network lifetime compared to stable election protocol extended (SEP-E)

Secure Energy Aware Optimal Routing using Reinforcement Learning-based Decision-Making with a Hybrid Optimization Algorithm in MANET

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are wireless networks that are perfect for applications such as special outdoor events, communications in areas without wireless infrastructure, crises and natural disasters, and military activities because they do not require any preexisting network infrastructure and can be deployed quickly. Mobile ad hoc networks can be made to last longer through the use of clustering, which is one of the most effective uses of energy. Security is a key issue in the development of ad hoc networks. Many studies have been conducted on how to reduce the energy expenditure of the nodes in this network. The majority of these approaches might conserve energy and extend the life of the nodes. The major goal of this research is to develop an energy-aware, secure mechanism for MANETs. Secure Energy Aware Reinforcement Learning based Decision Making with Hybrid Optimization Algorithm (RL-DMHOA) is proposed for detecting the malicious node in the network. With the assistance of the optimization algorithm, data can be transferred more efficiently by choosing aggregation points that allow individual nodes to conserve power The optimum path is chosen by combining the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and the Bat Algorithm (BA) to create a fitness function that maximizes across-cluster distance, delay, and node energy. Three state-of-the-art methods are compared to the suggested method on a variety of metrics. Throughput of 94.8 percent, average latency of 28.1 percent, malicious detection rate of 91.4 percent, packet delivery ratio of 92.4 percent, and network lifetime of 85.2 percent are all attained with the suggested RL-DMHOA approach