Stabilizing Inter-Domain Routing in the Internet

This paper reports the first self-stabilizing Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). BGP is the standard inter-domain routing protocol in the Internet. Self-stabilization is a technique to tolerate arbitrary transient faults. The routing instability in the Internet can occur due to errors in configuring the routing data structures, the routing policies, transient physical and data link problems, software bugs, and memory corruption. This instability can increase the network latency, slow down the convergence of the routing data structures, and can also cause the partitioning of networks. Most of the previous studies concentrated on routing policies to achieve the convergence of BGP while the oscillations due to transient faults were ignored. The purpose of self-stabilizing BGP is to solve the routing instability problem when this instability results from transient failures. The selfstabilizing BGP presented here provides a way to detect and automatically recover from this type of faults. Our protocol is combined with an existing protocol to make it resilient to policy conflicts as well

Processing and Technology of Dairy Products

This foods Special Issue contains seven papers on a range of technical dairy topics. Three involve beneficial uses of proteolytic enzymes, two involve the use of membrane technology in cheese making, while two deal with the role of ingredients, raw milk in the UHT paper and apricot fibre in the yogurt paper, in product quality. In all, the papers demonstrate the breadth of on-going research for an industry based on just one raw material, milk

Formal Design of Cloud Computing Systems in Maude

Cloud computing systems are complex distributed systems whose design is challenging for two main reasons: (1) since they are distributed systems, a correct design is very hard to achieve by testing alone; and (2) cloud computing applications have high availability and performance requirements; but these are hard to measure before implementation and hard to compare between different implementations. This paper summarizes our experience in using formal specification in Maude and model checking analysis to quickly explore the design space of a cloud computing system to achieve a high quality design that: (1) has verified correctness guarantees; (2) has better performance properties than other design alternatives so explored; (3) can be achieved before an actual implementation; and (4) can be used for both rapid prototyping and for automatic code generation.Ope

Mershon Center for International Security Studies Annual Report 2010-2012

The University Archives has determined that this item is of continuing value to OSU's history.RESEARCH: Highlights ; Research on Use of Force and Diplomacy ; Research on Ideas, Identities, and Decisional Processes ; Research on Institutions That Manage Violent Conflict ; Graduate Student Projects -- STUDENTS: Ralph D. Mershon Study Abroad Scholarship -- FACULTY PUBLICATIONS AND HONORS: Books ; Articles, Essays, and Book Chapters ; Honors, Awards, and Service -- EVENTS: Conferences ; Calendar of Events ; Oversight Committe

Cheese and Whey

Cheese is an excellent and complex food matrix that preserves in concentrated form valuable milk constituents, such as proteins, minerals, vitamins, and biofunctional lipids. The formation of cheese mass requires the removal of whey, i.e., water and soluble milk substances—proteins, minerals, lactose, and vitamins. It is well known that whey, apart from being a serious environmental threat, is a valuable substrate for the formation of new products with excellent functional and biological activities. This reprint aims to share research related to (i) cheese production, ripening, and properties, and (ii) whey and whey components’ functionality and biological value, as well as whey exploitation and processing

Alkaline pH homeostasis in bacteria: New insights

AbstractThe capacity of bacteria to survive and grow at alkaline pH values is of widespread importance in the epidemiology of pathogenic bacteria, in remediation and industrial settings, as well as in marine, plant-associated and extremely alkaline ecological niches. Alkali-tolerance and alkaliphily, in turn, strongly depend upon mechanisms for alkaline pH homeostasis, as shown in pH shift experiments and growth experiments in chemostats at different external pH values. Transcriptome and proteome analyses have recently complemented physiological and genetic studies, revealing numerous adaptations that contribute to alkaline pH homeostasis. These include elevated levels of transporters and enzymes that promote proton capture and retention (e.g., the ATP synthase and monovalent cation/proton antiporters), metabolic changes that lead to increased acid production, and changes in the cell surface layers that contribute to cytoplasmic proton retention. Targeted studies over the past decade have followed up the long-recognized importance of monovalent cations in active pH homeostasis. These studies show the centrality of monovalent cation/proton antiporters in this process while microbial genomics provides information about the constellation of such antiporters in individual strains. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic genome databases has identified orthologs from bacteria to humans that allow better understanding of the specific functions and physiological roles of the antiporters. Detailed information about the properties of multiple antiporters in individual strains is starting to explain how specific monovalent cation/proton antiporters play dominant roles in alkaline pH homeostasis in cells that have several additional antiporters catalyzing ostensibly similar reactions. New insights into the pH-dependent Na+/H+ antiporter NhaA that plays an important role in Escherichia coli have recently emerged from the determination of the structure of NhaA. This review highlights the approaches, major findings and unresolved problems in alkaline pH homeostasis, focusing on the small number of well-characterized alkali-tolerant and extremely alkaliphilic bacteria