8,708 research outputs found
Nanoscale Electrodes by Conducting Atomic Force Microscopy: Oxygen Reduction Kinetics at the Pt|CsHSO_4 Interface
We quantitatively characterized oxygen reduction kinetics at the nanoscale Pt|CsHSO_4 interface
at ~150 °C in humidified air using conducting atomic force microscopy (AFM) in conjunction with AC impedance
spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. From the impedance measurements, oxygen reduction at Pt|CsHSO_4 was
found to comprise two processes, one displaying an exponential dependence on overpotential and the other only
weakly dependent on overpotential. Both interfacial processes displayed near-ideal capacitive behavior, indicating
a minimal distribution in the associated relaxation time. Such a feature is taken to be characteristic of a nanoscale
interface in which spatial averaging effects are absent and, furthermore, allows for the rigorous separation of
multiple processes that would otherwise be convoluted in measurements using conventional macroscale electrode
geometries. The complete current-voltage characteristics of the Pt|CsHSO_4 interface were measured at various
points across the electrolyte surface and reveal a variation of the oxygen reduction kinetics with position. The
overpotential-activated process, which dominates at voltages below -1 V, was interpreted as a charge-transfer
reaction. Analysis of six different sets of Pt|CsHSO_4 experiments, within the Butler-Volmer framework, yielded
exchange coefficients (α) for charge transfer ranging from 0.1 to 0.6 and exchange currents (i_0) spanning 5 orders
of magnitude. The observed counter-correlation between the exchange current and exchange coefficient indicates
that the extent to which the activation barrier decreases under bias (as reflected in the value of α) depends on
the initial magnitude of that barrier under open circuit conditions (as reflected in the value of i_0). The clear
correlation across six independent sets of measurements further indicates the suitability of conducting AFM
approaches for careful and comprehensive study of electrochemical reactions at electrolyte-metal-gas
boundaries
Comparison of local electrochemical impedance measurements derived frombi-electrode and microcapillary techniques
In the present paper, local electrochemical impedance spectrawere obtained on a 316L stainless steel from two configurations: a dual microelectrode (bi-electrode) and microcapillaries. With the bi-electrode, the local impedance measurements were made from the ratio of the applied voltage to the local current density calculated from the application of the ohm’s law. With the use of microelectrochemical cells, the specimen surface area in contact with the electrolyte is limited by the use of glass microcapillaries and the local impedance was defined fromthe ratio of the local potential to the local current restricted to the analysed surface area. Differences and similarities observed in local impedance spectra obtained with the two configurations were describe
Quantification of metallic copper and nickel in their binary mixtures by voltammetry of immobilized microparticles
We report the use of voltammetry of immobilized microparticles for the quantification of metallic copper and nickel in their binary mixtures. Twenty-two electrolytes were investigated in order to obtain well-separated oxidation peaks. An experimental design strategy was employed to study the effect of the electrolyte concentration and the scan rate on the resolution of the oxidation peaks. With the optimum experimental parameters, a quantification was performed and the linear results of percentage of anodic currents in term of their relative amount in the binary mixture were obtained. Finally, the prediction of two mixture samples was performed and gave satisfactory results
In-situ electrochemical quantification of active sites in Fe-N/C non-precious metal catalysts
The economic viability of low temperature fuel cells as clean energy devices is enhanced by the development of inexpensive oxygen reduction reaction catalysts. Heat treated iron and nitrogen containing carbon based materials (Fe–N/C) have shown potential to replace expensive precious metals. Although significant improvements have recently been made, their activity and durability is still unsatisfactory. The further development and a rational design of these materials has stalled due to the lack of an in situ methodology to easily probe and quantify the active site. Here we demonstrate a protocol that allows the quantification of active centres, which operate under acidic conditions, by means of nitrite adsorption followed by reductive stripping, and show direct correlation to the catalytic activity. The method is demonstrated for two differently prepared materials. This approach may allow researchers to easily assess the active site density and turnover frequency of Fe–N/C catalysts
Cation Discrimination in Organic Electrochemical Transistors by Dual Frequency Sensing
In this work, we propose a strategy to sense quantitatively and specifically
cations, out of a single organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) device
exposed to an electrolyte. From the systematic study of six different chloride
salts over 12 different concentrations, we demonstrate that the impedance of
the OECT device is governed by either the channel dedoping at low frequency and
the electrolyte gate capacitive coupling at high frequency. Specific cationic
signatures, which originates from the different impact of the cations behavior
on the poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)
polymer and their conductivity in water, allow their discrimination at the same
molar concentrations. Dynamic analysis of the device impedance at different
frequencies could allow the identification of specific ionic flows which could
be of a great use in bioelectronics to further interpret complex mechanisms in
biological media such as in the brain.Comment: Full text and supporting informatio
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