225 research outputs found
A genetic approach to Markovian characterisation of H.264 scalable video
We propose an algorithm for multivariate Markovian characterisation of H.264/SVC scalable video traces at the sub-GoP (Group of Pictures) level. A genetic algorithm yields Markov models with limited state space that accurately capture temporal and inter-layer correlation. Key to our approach is the covariance-based fitness function. In comparison with the classical Expectation Maximisation algorithm, ours is capable of matching the second order statistics more accurately at the cost of less accuracy in matching the histograms of the trace. Moreover, a simulation study shows that our approach outperforms Expectation Maximisation in predicting performance of video streaming in various networking scenarios
Markovian Characterisation of H.264/SVC scalable video
In this paper, a multivariate Markovian traffic: model is proposed to characterise H.264/SVC scalable video traces. Parametrisation by a genetic algorithm results in models with a limited state space which accurately capture. both the temporal and the inter-layer correlation of the traces. A simulation study further shows that the model is capable of predicting performance of video streaming in various networking scenarios
SVCEval-RA: an evaluation framework for adaptive scalable video streaming
[EN] Multimedia content adaption strategies are becoming increasingly important for effective video streaming over the actual heterogeneous networks. Thus, evaluation frameworks for adaptive video play an important role in the designing and deploying process of adaptive multimedia streaming systems. This paper describes a novel simulation framework for rate-adaptive video transmission using the Scalable Video Coding standard (H.264/SVC). Our approach uses feedback information about the available bandwidth to allow the video source to select the most suitable combination of SVC layers for the transmission of a video sequence. The proposed solution has been integrated into the network simulator NS-2 in order to support realistic network simulations. To demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed solution we perform a simulation study where a video sequence was transmitted over a three network scenarios. The experimental results show that the Adaptive SVC scheme implemented in our framework provides an efficient alternative that helps to avoid an increase in the network congestion in resource-constrained networks. Improvements in video quality, in terms of PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio) and SSIM (Structural Similarity Index) are also obtained.Castellanos Hernández, WE.; Guerri Cebollada, JC.; Arce Vila, P. (2017). SVCEval-RA: an evaluation framework for adaptive scalable video streaming. Multimedia Tools and Applications. 76(1):437-461. doi:10.1007/s11042-015-3046-yS437461761Akhshabi S, Begen AC, Dovrolis C (2011) An experimental evaluation of rate-adaptation algorithms in adaptive streaming over HTTP. In: Proceedings of the second annual ACM conference on Multimedia systems. ACM, pp 157–168Alabdulkarim MN, Rikli N-E (2012) QoS Provisioning for H.264/SVC Streams over Ad-Hoc ZigBee Networks Using Cross-Layer Design. In: 8th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM). pp 1–8Birkos K, Tselios C, Dagiuklas T, Kotsopoulos S (2013) Peer selection and scheduling of H. 264 SVC video over wireless networks. In: Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), 2013 IEEE. pp 1633–1638Castellanos W (2014) SVCEval-RA - An Evaluation Framework for Adaptive Scalable Video Streaming. In: SourceForge Project. http://sourceforge.net/projects/svceval-ra/ . Accessed 1 May 2015Castellanos W, Guerri JC, Arce P (2015) A QoS-aware routing protocol with adaptive feedback scheme for video streaming for mobile networks. Comput Commun. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2015.08.012Castellanos W, Arce P, Acelas P, Guerri JC (2012) Route Recovery Algorithm for QoS-Aware Routing in MANETs. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Bilbao, pp. 81–93Chikkerur S, Sundaram V, Reisslein M, Karam LJ (2011) Objective video quality assessment methods: A classification, review, and performance comparison. Broadcast, IEEE Trans on 57:165–182Choupani R, Wong S, Tolun M (2014) Multiple description coding for SNR scalable video transmission over unreliable networks. Multimed Tools Appl 69:843–858. doi: 10.1007/s11042-012-1150-9CISCO Corp. (2014) Cisco Visual Networking Index Forecast and Methodology. In: White Paper. http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/ip-ngn-ip-next-generation-network/white_paper_c11-481360.pdf.Dai M, Zhang Y, Loguinov D (2009) A unified traffic model for MPEG-4 and H. 264 video traces. IEEE Trans Multimedia 11:1010–1023Detti A, Bianchi G, Pisa C, et al. (2009) SVEF: an open-source experimental evaluation framework for H.264 scalable video streaming. In: IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications. pp 36–41Espina F, Morato D, Izal M, Magaña E (2014) Analytical model for MPEG video frame loss rates and playback interruptions on packet networks. Multimed Tools Appl 72:361–383. doi: 10.1007/s11042-012-1344-1Fiems D, Steyaert B, Bruneel H (2012) A genetic approach to Markovian characterisation of H.264 scalable video. Multimedia Tools Appl 58:125–146Floyd S, Handley M, Kohler E Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP). http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4340 . Accessed 17 Feb 2014Floyd S, Padhye J, Widmer J TCP Friendly Rate Control (TFRC): Protocol Specification. http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5348 . Accessed 17 Feb 2014Fraz M, Malkani YA, Elahi MA (2009) Design and implementation of real time video streaming and ROI transmission system using RTP on an embedded digital signal processing (DSP) platform. In: 2nd International Conference on Computer, Control and Communication, 2009. IC4 2009. pp 1–6ISO/IEC (2014) Information technology - Dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP (DASH) - Part 1: Media presentation description and segment formats.ITU-T (2013) Rec. H.264 & ISO/IEC 14496-10 AVC. Advanced Video Coding for Generic Audiovisual Services.Ivrlač MT, Choi LU, Steinbach E, Nossek JA (2009) Models and analysis of streaming video transmission over wireless fading channels. Signal Process Image Commun 24:651–665. doi: 10.1016/j.image.2009.04.005Karki R, Seenivasan T, Claypool M, Kinicki R (2010) Performance Analysis of Home Streaming Video Using Orb. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Workshop on Network and Operating Systems Support for Digital Audio and Video. ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp 111–116Ke C-H (2012) myEvalSVC-an Integrated Simulation Framework for Evaluation of H. 264/SVC Transmission. KSII Trans Internet Inf Syst (TIIS) 6:377–392. doi: 10.3837/tiis.2012.01.021Ke C-H, Shieh C-K, Hwang W-S, Ziviani A (2008) An Evaluation Framework for More Realistic Simulations of MPEG Video Transmission. J Inf Sci Eng 24:425–440Klaue J, Rathke B, Wolisz A (2003) Evalvid–A framework for video transmission and quality evaluation. In: Computer Performance Evaluation. Modelling Techniques and Tools. Springer, pp 255–272Le TA, Nguyen H (2014) End-to-end transmission of scalable video contents: performance evaluation over EvalSVC—a new open-source evaluation platform. Multimed Tools Appl 72:1239–1256. doi: 10.1007/s11042-013-1444-6Lie A, Klaue J (2008) Evalvid-RA: trace driven simulation of rate adaptive MPEG-4 VBR video. Multimedia Systems 14:33–50. doi: 10.1007/s00530-007-0110-0Moving Pictures Experts Group and ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (2011) H. 264/SVC reference software (JSVM 9.19.14) and Manual.Nightingale J, Wang Q, Grecos C (2014) Empirical evaluation of H.264/SVC streaming in resource-constrained multihomed mobile networks. Multimed Tools Appl 70:2011–2035. doi: 10.1007/s11042-012-1219-5Parmar H, Thornburgh M (2012) Real-Time Messaging Protocol (RTMP) Specification. AdobePolitis I, Dounis L, Dagiuklas T (2012) H. 264/SVC vs. H. 264/AVC video quality comparison under QoE-driven seamless handoff. Signal Process Image Commun 27:814–826Pozueco L, Pañeda XG, García R, et al. (2013) Adaptable system based on Scalable Video Coding for high-quality video service. Comput Electr Eng 39:775–789. doi: 10.1016/j.compeleceng.2013.01.015Pozueco L, Pañeda XG, García R, et al. (2014) Adaptation engine for a streaming service based on MPEG-DASH. Multimed Tools Appl 1–20. doi: 10.1007/s11042-014-2034-ySchwarz H, Marpe D, Wiegand T (2007) Overview of the Scalable Video Coding Extension of the H.264/AVC Standard. IEEE Trans Circ Syst Video Technol 17:1103–1120. doi: 10.1109/TCSVT.2007.905532Seo H-Y (2013) An Efficient Transmission Scheme of MPEG2-TS over RTP for a Hybrid DMB System. ETRI J 35:655–665. doi: 10.4218/etrij.13.0112.0124Sohn H, Yoo H, De Neve W, et al. (2010) Full-Reference Video Quality Metric for Fully Scalable and Mobile SVC Content. IEEE Trans Broadcast 56:269–280. doi: 10.1109/TBC.2010.2050628Sousa-Vieira M-E (2011) Suitability of the M/G/∞ process for modeling scalable H.264 video traffic. In: Analytical and Stochastic Modeling Techniques and Applications. Springer, pp 149–158Tanwir S, Perros H (2013) A Survey of VBR Video Traffic Models. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 15:1778–1802. doi: 10.1109/SURV.2013.010413.00071Tanwir S, Perros HG (2014) VBR Video Traffic Models. Wiley, HobokenThe Network Simulator (NS-2). http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns . Accessed 6 Feb 2015Unanue I, Urteaga I, Husemann R, et al. (2011) A Tutorial on H. 264/SVC Scalable Video Coding and its Tradeoff between Quality, Coding Efficiency and Performance. Recent Advances on Video Coding 1–24.Van der Auwera G, David PT, Reisslein M, Karam LJ (2008) Traffic and quality characterization of the H. 264/AVC scalable video coding extension. Adv Multimedia 2008:1Wang Y, Claypool M (2005) RealTracer—Tools for Measuring the Performance of RealVideo on the Internet. Multimed Tools Appl 27:411–430. doi: 10.1007/s11042-005-3757-6Wang Z, Lu L, Bovik AC (2004) Video quality assessment based on structural distortion measurement. Signal Process Image Commun 19:121–132. doi: 10.1016/S0923-5965(03)00076–6Wien M, Schwarz H, Oelbaum T (2007) Performance Analysis of SVC. IEEE Trans Circ Syst for Video Technol 17:1194–1203. doi: 10.1109/TCSVT.2007.905530YUV video repository. ftp://ftp.tnt.uni-hannover.de/pub/svc/testsequences/ . Accessed 10 Jan 201
Video Traffic Characteristics of Modern Encoding Standards: H.264/AVC with SVC and MVC Extensions and H.265/HEVC
abstract: Video encoding for multimedia services over communication networks has significantly advanced in recent years with the development of the highly efficient and flexible H.264/AVC video coding standard and its SVC extension. The emerging H.265/HEVC video coding standard as well as 3D video coding further advance video coding for multimedia communications. This paper first gives an overview of these new video coding standards and then examines their implications for multimedia communications by studying the traffic characteristics of long videos encoded with the new coding standards. We review video coding advances from MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 Part 2 to H.264/AVC and its SVC and MVC extensions as well as H.265/HEVC. For single-layer (nonscalable) video, we compare H.265/HEVC and H.264/AVC in terms of video traffic and statistical multiplexing characteristics. Our study is the first to examine the H.265/HEVC traffic variability for long videos. We also illustrate the video traffic characteristics and statistical multiplexing of scalable video encoded with the SVC extension of H.264/AVC as well as 3D video encoded with the MVC extension of H.264/AVC.View the article as published at https://www.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2014/189481
Resource Allocation Frameworks for Network-coded Layered Multimedia Multicast Services
The explosive growth of content-on-the-move, such as video streaming to
mobile devices, has propelled research on multimedia broadcast and multicast
schemes. Multi-rate transmission strategies have been proposed as a means of
delivering layered services to users experiencing different downlink channel
conditions. In this paper, we consider Point-to-Multipoint layered service
delivery across a generic cellular system and improve it by applying different
random linear network coding approaches. We derive packet error probability
expressions and use them as performance metrics in the formulation of resource
allocation frameworks. The aim of these frameworks is both the optimization of
the transmission scheme and the minimization of the number of broadcast packets
on each downlink channel, while offering service guarantees to a predetermined
fraction of users. As a case of study, our proposed frameworks are then adapted
to the LTE-A standard and the eMBMS technology. We focus on the delivery of a
video service based on the H.264/SVC standard and demonstrate the advantages of
layered network coding over multi-rate transmission. Furthermore, we establish
that the choice of both the network coding technique and resource allocation
method play a critical role on the network footprint, and the quality of each
received video layer.Comment: IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications - Special Issue on
Fundamental Approaches to Network Coding in Wireless Communication Systems.
To appea
Robust P2P Live Streaming
Projecte fet en col.laboració amb la Fundació i2CATThe provisioning of robust real-time communication services (voice, video, etc.) or media contents through the Internet in a distributed manner is an important challenge,
which will strongly influence in current and future Internet evolution. Aware of this, we
are developing a project named Trilogy leaded by the i2CAT Foundation, which has as
main pillar the study, development and evaluation of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Live
streaming architectures for the distribution of high-quality media contents. In this
context, this work concretely covers media coding aspects and proposes the use of
Multiple Description Coding (MDC) as a flexible solution for providing robust and
scalable live streaming over P2P networks. This work describes current state of the art
in media coding techniques and P2P streaming architectures, presents the
implemented prototype as well as its simulation and validation results
Recommended from our members
Scalable and network aware video coding for advanced communications over heterogeneous networks
This thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and was awarded by Brunel UniversityThis work addresses the issues concerned with the provision of scalable video services over heterogeneous networks particularly with regards to dynamic adaptation and user’s acceptable quality of service.
In order to provide and sustain an adaptive and network friendly multimedia communication service, a suite of techniques that achieved automatic scalability and adaptation are developed. These techniques are evaluated objectively and subjectively to assess the Quality of Service (QoS) provided to diverse users with variable constraints and dynamic resources. The research ensured the consideration of various levels of user acceptable QoS The techniques are further evaluated with view to establish their performance against state of the art scalable and non-scalable techniques.
To further improve the adaptability of the designed techniques, several experiments and real time simulations are conducted with the aim of determining the optimum performance with various coding parameters and scenarios. The coding parameters and scenarios are evaluated and analyzed to determine their performance using various types of video content and formats. Several algorithms are developed to provide a dynamic adaptation of coding tools and parameters to specific video content type, format and bandwidth of transmission.
Due to the nature of heterogeneous networks where channel conditions, terminals, users capabilities and preferences etc are unpredictably changing, hence limiting the adaptability of a specific technique adopted, a Dynamic Scalability Decision Making Algorithm (SADMA) is developed. The algorithm autonomously selects one of the designed scalability techniques basing its decision on the monitored and reported channel conditions. Experiments were conducted using a purpose-built heterogeneous network simulator and the network-aware selection of the scalability techniques is based on real time simulation results. A technique with a minimum delay, low bit-rate, low frame rate and low quality is adopted as a reactive measure to a predicted bad channel condition. If the use of the techniques is not favoured due to deteriorating channel conditions reported, a reduced layered stream or base layer is used. If the network status does not allow the use of the base layer, then the stream uses parameter identifiers with high efficiency to improve the scalability and adaptation of the video service.
To further improve the flexibility and efficiency of the algorithm, a dynamic de-blocking filter and lambda value selection are analyzed and introduced in the algorithm. Various methods, interfaces and algorithms are defined for transcoding from one technique to another and extracting sub-streams when the network conditions do not allow for the transmission of the entire bit-stream
Quality of Experience and Adaptation Techniques for Multimedia Communications
The widespread use of multimedia services on the World Wide Web and the advances
in end-user portable devices have recently increased the user demands for better quality.
Moreover, providing these services seamlessly and ubiquitously on wireless networks and
with user mobility poses hard challenges. To meet these challenges and fulfill the end-user
requirements, suitable strategies need to be adopted at both application level and network
level. At the application level rate and quality have to be adapted to time-varying bandwidth
limitations, whereas on the network side a mechanism for efficient use of the network
resources has to be implemented, to provide a better end-user Quality of Experience (QoE)
through better Quality of Service (QoS). The work in this thesis addresses these issues by
first investigating multi-stream rate adaptation techniques for Scalable Video Coding (SVC)
applications aimed at a fair provision of QoE to end-users. Rate Distortion (R-D) models
for real-time and non real-time video streaming have been proposed and a rate adaptation
technique is also developed to minimize with fairness the distortion of multiple videos
with difference complexities. To provide resiliency against errors, the effect of Unequal
Error protection (UXP) based on Reed Solomon (RS) encoding with erasure correction has
been also included in the proposed R-D modelling. Moreover, to improve the support of
QoE at the network level for multimedia applications sensitive to delays, jitters and packet
drops, a technique to prioritise different traffic flows using specific QoS classes within an
intermediate DiffServ network integrated with a WiMAX access system is investigated.
Simulations were performed to test the network under different congestion scenarios
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