Factors influencing consumers’ adoption and use of wearable technologies

Inactivity and increase in chronic health conditions caused by sedentary behavior have become a growing concern in many countries. In the past years, many health and wellbeing technologies have been launched to promote healthy behavior and help people to better monitor and track their activity level and performance throughout the day. The main goal of this thesis was to take a closer look at factors influencing consumers’ adoption and use of wearable technologies. For this purpose, a theoretical framework was built, highlighting key factors influencing perceived benefits, perceived risks and abandonment of wearable devices. The theoretical framework was tested by conducting an empirical study using netnography. Focus of the empirical study was narrowed down to the consumer market and activity trackers. Data of this study was collected from top rated reviews (N=60) in Amazon for three products: Fitbit Charge 2, Garmin Vivosmart HR+ and Polar A370. Sixty customer reviews were collected and analyzed using Atlas.ti. Results of this study showed that usefulness is the most influential factor on consumers’ perceived benefits of a wearable device. Perceived risks are mainly affected by financial and performance risks. Finally, data inaccuracy, build quality, synchronization, poor UI & UX design and system malfunction are the most impactful factors for dissatisfaction and device abandonment

Usability and Design of Personal Wearable and Portable Devices for Thermal Comfort

Conference paperPersonal comfort is important in the design of objects and environments. However, as comfort is a subjective experience, it is a very difficult aspect to design for. This paper presents an interrogation into the design for human thermal comfort, in particular the design of personal devices for use in shared work environments. The findings of two user studies are presented, in which wearable and portable, off-the-shelf personal heating and cooling devices were deployed in the field to explore the interaction with and use of these devices in everyday settings with the aim to uncover key aspects and requirements for the design of such devices. We found that functionality and affordances, i.e. the design for versatility, appropriation and mobility, as well as control, availability, effectiveness and efficiency of use were most important. Furthermore, individual preferences, foremost the preference for on-body versus off-body heating and cooling, and aspects related to wearable design of the devices, such as aesthetics, materiality, comfort of wear, mobility and unobtrusiveness, also need to be taken into account.This research was supported by the Media & Arts Technology Programme at the School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, an EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training (EP/G03723X/1)

Female bike riders’ clothing needs with the incorporation of wearable technology: Design and evaluation of wearers’ perception of smart clothing within the cradle-to-cradle design framework

The overall purpose of this study was to increase a general understanding of the mechanisms that determine how female bike riders’ clothing needs are met through the use of smart clothing, by empirically testing new smart clothing designs that incorporate wearable devices developed by the researcher within the cradle-to-cradle design framework. The specific objectives of this study were: (1) to identify important design criteria of bike wear for female bike riders under the frame of consumers’ functional-expressive-aesthetic needs along with their needs and desires for wearable technology; (2) to design and develop smart clothing for female bike riders in accordance with identified female bike riders’ expectations and needs within the cradle-to-cradle design framework; (3) to evaluate female bike riders’ perceived needs satisfaction and social acceptability of the proposed smart clothing by examining the relationships among perceived satisfaction of functional, expressive and aesthetic needs, and perceived social acceptability; and (4) to evaluate the marketability of proposed smart clothing by testing the hypothetical research model incorporating the following variables: perceived satisfaction of functional, expressive and aesthetic needs, perceived social acceptability, attitude, and purchase intention. The findings of this study were based on data collected from two different online surveys (Study 1 and Study 2) as well as a proposed smart bike jacket that included transformable functions developed by this researcher and used for Study 2 survey. For this study, females in large cities worldwide were considered a key segment of the population for studying female bike riders’ clothing needs incorporating wearable technologies. Using a purposeful and convenience sampling approach, the Study 1 sample was recruited from females aged 18 years and over living in the U.S. with bike riding experience, and were members of the “Transportation Alternative,” a non-profit organization dedicated to bike riders in New York City; 136 usable responses were obtained and used for the data analysis. The Study 2 used a nation-wide convenience sampling approach that involved females aged 18 years and over living in the U.S. with bike riding experiences; 488 usable responses were obtained from the Amazon Mechanical Turk and used for the data analysis. The instrumentation for the study incorporated two main online questionnaires, including both close-ended and open-ended questions, and proposed smart bike wear developed by the researcher. Based on female bike riders’ identified bike wear needs from Study 1 survey, the researcher incorporated appropriate design components into smart clothing design incorporating a wearable device for addressing survey participants’ special needs. The developed smart bike wear in this stage was used for Study 2 survey. Two self-administered questionnaires for the Study 1 and Study 2 were developed using multiple-item measurements that were validated and determined as reliable from previous studies and open-ended questions. In Study 2 survey, the participants were expected to respond to each question after watching a short video clip demonstrating the features of the proposed smart clothing, as a tool of stimuli to measure perception of respondents toward the proposed smart clothing. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Version 21.0) software and AMOS Version 21.0 were employed to conduct statistical analyses and model testing. Demographic data were analyzed using descriptive statistics for both the 136 respondents for the Study 1 and the 488 respondents for the Study 2. An initial series of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to test validity and reliability of constructs in the measurement model for both the Study 1 and Study 2. In the Study 2, the structural equation model for theoretical predictors of purchase intention was tested. To analyze the data collected from open-ended questions, the researcher used a word clouds analysis, a popular content analysis method for text-based data. The findings were: 1. The Study 1 identified 25 valid functional-expressive-aesthetic-price (FEAP) needs measurement items that were applicable for consideration when designing smart clothing from the perspective of female bike riders. Functional design characteristics, especially those contributing to comfort, protection, and ventilation, were the most important needs of respondents. Expressive and aesthetic design characteristics were also shown to be important needs to be considered when designing female bike riders’ clothing, but less important than functional needs. 2. Smart clothing that embedded multiple transformable features was favored by most respondents, and a jacket that could be changed into a bag was the most commonly desired transformable smart clothing feature. The findings from Study 1 survey guided this researcher to design a smart jacket transformable into a bag capable of storing detachable pieces, with essential design characteristics that incorporated identified consumers’ bike wear design needs. The processes of product design and development were guided by the frame of the cradle-to-cradle (C2C) design process which fully considered sustainability practices. A female bike riders’ transformable jacket incorporating a LED signal lighting device was developed in response to participants’ needs and desires that were identified in the Study 1. 3. The Study 2 identified 41 valid functional-expressive-aesthetics (FEA), social acceptability, attitude, and purchase intention related measurement items to examine respondents’ perceived satisfaction level for the proposed smart jacket. The proposed smart bike wear fulfilled the functional needs across all elements for smart bike wear. Especially, the results proved that ventilation features (e.g., mesh trimmed around armpits, detachable sleeves), as well as enhanced visibility (e.g., incorporated reflective trimming and a LED lighting device) of the proposed smart clothing satisfied consumers’ special smart clothing needs when bike riding. The proposed smart jacket also fulfilled the aesthetic and expressive needs of the respondents. Regarding social acceptance of the proposed smart clothing, most of the respondents said that what was presented in smart clothing was socially acceptable. A few responses suggested there were privacy concerns about wearable devices that use smart phone applications to collect data. 4. The hypothesized model consisted of six latent variables (functional design characteristics, expressive design characteristics, aesthetic design characteristics, social acceptability, attitudes, and purchase intention). The results of structural equation modeling (SEM) for the hypothesized model revealed a good model fit. All five structural paths in the model were statistically significant. As expected from hypothesis (H) 1, perceived satisfaction of functional design characteristics significantly and positively affected attitude; for H2, perceived satisfaction of expressive design characteristics significantly and positively affected attitude; for H3, perceived satisfaction of aesthetic design characteristics significantly and positively affected attitude; for H4, perceived social acceptability significantly and positively affected attitude; and for H5, attitude toward purchasing smart clothing significantly and positively affected purchasing intention. The statistical testing results confirm that the level of perceived satisfaction of functional, expressive, and aesthetic design characteristics as well as perceived social acceptability influences the creation of positive attitudes toward the use of smart clothing, leading to positive purchase intentions for smart clothing. This research significantly contributes to the literature by providing insight into the inadequately researched area of smart clothing for female bike riders. It is the first study conducted that investigated female bike riders’ special needs and social acceptability of smart clothing under the C2C design framework. Its holistic approach to the analysis of data collected through various research stages (needs identification-smart clothing design-design evaluation) uncovered previously unidentified issues surrounding female bike riders’ smart clothing needs, revealing numerous areas where future research is needed, and providing vital information for both the apparel industry and academia. Limitations of this study were presented, and implications and recommendations for future studies and for practice were also suggested

Fitness trackers : user experience and motivation

Fitness trackers have become a popular technology for the fitness industry within the wearable market. Fitness trackers provide a unique user experience in that they are ubiquitous and provide instantaneous biometric data to users. However, the market is oversaturated with many devices ranging from fitness trackers strictly used for tracking biometric data, and smartwatches that are an extension of a mobile device. Furthermore, despite their popularity, users are quick to abandon fitness trackers. There is little research that understands how the user experience of fitness trackers assists in creating positive exercise routines for users and why users adopt these devices for long term. The goal of this thesis is to understand how the usability, design, and social features provided by fitness trackers affects the user experience, which of these factors drive users toward long-term adoption or abandonment of their devices, and provide recommendations for fitness tracker designers and product developers to improve the user experience.Thesis (M.A.)Department of Journalis

Continuously Healthy, Continuously Used? – A Thematic Analysis of User Perceptions on Consumer Health Wearables

Along with the miniaturization of digital devices, consumer health wearables (CHWs) further decrease the distance between users and devices, allowing users to continuously track their personal health information (PHI). While this provides more control to users, history has shown that users’ potential concerns (e.g. privacy) can lead to devices not meeting users’ expectations and failing market diffusion. The existing literature has mostly focused on particular aspects that could foster or hinder adoption of CHWs but the big picture is still missing. Drawing upon the previous literature, we use a rigorous iterative thematic analysis to provide a comprehensive picture of any potential benefits and deficiencies that users associate with CHWs. We take the example of fitness trackers and conduct 16 semi-structured interviews that help understand the determinants on which users assess the benefits and deficiencies of CHWs related to their continuous usage. We identify 11 subthemes that we can attribute to three main user determinants (perceived benefit, deficiency, and privacy). Our results not only show the failure to meet privacy expectations as a particular potential hindrance factor, we further propose a new theoretical construct (perceived relativity) as well as a novel tracking motive (social tracking), both of which can benefit future research on PHI disclosure. We enable both researchers and practitioners to uncover and visualize user perceptions of fitness trackers, on which future design decisions can be oriented and user expectations be better met. Available at: https://aisel.aisnet.org/pajais/vol11/iss1/5

Influence of cultural factors on wearable technology acceptance in healthcare : an empirical study with Chinese and Swiss consumers

The market of healthcare wearables is compelling and expected to reach USD 14.4 billion by 2022 at a CAGR of 18.3%. The term “wearables” refers to “wearable technology or devices”, with computers incorporated into accessories and clothing worn on the body. Healthcare wearables can monitor real-time health vitals, diagnose diseases, and provide reminders for medicine or exercises. They are generally classified into consumer and medical-grade devices, but the distinction is increasingly blurred with advancing sensor technology. Global companies like Apple, Google, Fitbit, Xiaomi etc. developing wearables integrating medical technology aim to target consumers worldwide. The intention to accept these devices varies yet tremendously among people with diverse cultural backgrounds. In this study, certain patterns of influential factors associated with usage intention of healthcare wearables are investigated through comparing essential acceptance motives and usage barriers of Chinese and Swiss consumers. The different perceptions between both groups in view of varied national culture are examined. A conceptual model is established based on an existing framework of wearables acceptance, incorporating predictors adapted from theories of technology acceptance, health behavior, and privacy calculus. “China/Switzerland” distinguished by national culture acts as a moderator, which affect influence degree in the model. A web-based survey translated into Chinese and German is conducted in both countries respectively after modifications through pilot study. Finally, 110 valid Swiss and 201 Chinese respondents are included in data analysis