Beyond the third dimension of BIM:A systematic review of literature and assessment of professional views

Across the world, the use of Building Information Modelling (BIM) and the three-dimensional (3D) model in projects are increasingly frequent for supporting design tasks. The digital data embodied in the BIM model is shared between the project stakeholders from the various disciplines. After giving an overview of the BIM 3D Model data used for planning (4D) and costing (5D), the study assesses the level of clarity or confusion on what the numbers of dimension refer to after the 5th dimension. A systematic review of the different BIM dimensions was conducted associated with an online questionnaire sent to various Architecture, Engineering and Construction stakeholders across Europe. The online questionnaire survey was limited to the 28 European Union (EU) countries. Each of the 28 EU countries was represented by at least one respondent. The research identified 52 papers considering BIM 4D Model, 15 considering 5D modelling, 6 considering the 6D Model and 2 considering the 7D. It was also identified a confusion between academics and practitioners for the 6D and 7D BIM dimensions. In fact, 86% of the professionals, actually using 6D, allocate Sustainability to 6D. Whereas 85% of the professionals using 7D allocate it to Facility Management.</p

Managing digital coordination of design: emerging hybrid practices in an institutionalized project setting

What happens when digital coordination practices are introduced into the institutionalized setting of an engineering project? This question is addressed through an interpretive study that examines how a shared digital model becomes used in the late design stages of a major station refurbishment project. The paper contributes by mobilizing the idea of ‘hybrid practices’ to understand the diverse patterns of activity that emerge to manage digital coordination of design. It articulates how engineering and architecture professions develop different relationships with the shared model; the design team negotiates paper-based practices across organizational boundaries; and diverse practitioners probe the potential and limitations of the digital infrastructure. While different software packages and tools have become linked together into an integrated digital infrastructure, these emerging hybrid practices contrast with the interactions anticipated in practice and policy guidance and presenting new opportunities and challenges for managing project delivery. The study has implications for researchers working in the growing field of empirical work on engineering project organizations as it shows the importance of considering, and suggests new ways to theorise, the introduction of digital coordination practices into these institutionalized settings

Using BIM to Increase the Efficiency of Energy-Driven Retrofitting Projects

The building sector is responsible for nearly 40% of global energy consumption. Many existing buildings have poor thermal insulation and low energy performance, hindering sustainability goals. Energy-driven building retrofitting could address this issue and implementing Building Information Modelling (BIM) in retrofitting can reduce process time, costs, and waste associated with such undertakings. Yet, there is a lack of research and insufficient guidance for implementing BIM in energy-driven retrofitting. A BIM framework is presented to enhance decision-making processes during retrofitting. The aims of this study were to (1) identify BIM technologies and methodologies that could address existing barriers and improve efficiency in green retrofitting, (2) evaluate two BIM frameworks previously adopted in retrofitting projects, and (3) provide a set of recommendations. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to benchmark current retrofitting strategies and measures and identify the opportunities for implementing BIM. Then, a comparative analysis was conducted using two published case studies, to evaluate the BIM frameworks adopted in the research. The comparison provided an understanding of cases where BIM modelling and analysis tools were adopted, and costs and energy savings subsequently accrued; this facilitated the identification of the market\u27s most cost-effective and energy-efficient retrofitting package at the time of publication

Integration of Cost andWork Breakdown Structures in the Management of Construction Projects

Scope management allows project managers to react when a project underperforms regarding schedule, budget, and/or quality at the execution stage. Scope management can also minimize project changes and budget omissions, as well as improve the accuracy of project cost estimates and risk responses. For scope management to be effective, though, it needs to rely on a robust work breakdown structure (WBS). A robust WBS hierarchically and faithfully reflects all project tasks and work packages so that projects are easier to manage. If done properly, the WBS also allows meeting the project objectives while delivering the project on time, on budget, and with the required quality. This paper analyzes whether the integration of a cost breakdown structure (CBS) can lead to the generation of more robust WBSs in construction projects. Over the last years, some international organizations have standardized and harmonized different cost classification systems (e.g., ISO 12006-2, ISO 81346-12, OmniClass, CoClass, UniClass). These cost databases have also been introduced into building information modeling (BIM) frameworks. We hypothesize that in BIM environments, if these CBSs are used to generate the project WBS, several advantages are gained such as sharper project definition. This enhanced project definition reduces project contradictions at both planning and execution stages, anticipates potential schedule and budget deviations, improves resource allocation, and overall it allows a better response to potential project risks. The hypothesis that the use of CBSs can generate more robust WBSs is tested by the response analysis of a questionnaire survey distributed among construction practitioners and project managers. By means of structural equation modeling (SEM), the correlation (agreement) and perception differences between two 250-respondent subsamples (technical project staff vs. project management staff) are also discussed. Results of this research support the use of CBSs by construction professionals as a basis to generate WBSs for enhanced project management (PM)

RECONSTRUCCIONES DIGITALES – UNA METODOLOGÍA PARA EL ESTUDIO, CONSERVACIÓN Y DIVULGACIÓN DEL PATRIMONIO ARQUITECTÓNICO

[EN] The architectural heritage is a particular case from the immaterial and material assets, movable or immovable, constituents of the cultural heritage. It is presented as a complex system with a continuous historical process, which can not be dissociated from its surroundings (Brusaporci 2015). In order to study, preserve and disseminate the past and present reality of this type of heritage, it was developed a digital recostruction methodology, able to adapt to each specific case, both in the object nature and in the representation objectives. This is only possible due to the last decade technological advances, that, alongside with the hardware and software development, led to the digital heritage definition. In order to disclose and discuss the proposed methodology, is presented digital reconstructions of monuments that have marked and still mark the image of the city of Lisbon. European city, capital of Portugal, country of aqueducts, rich in religious and military architecture. To cover their specific needs, taking into account their different natures, is presented the following case studies: 1) particular case of an extensive monument - the Águas Livres Aqueduct - and the case of territory circumscribed monuments in different preservation states (demolished, remains or existent). This last includes three representative convents of Lisbon’s religious houses: the Nossa Senhora da Piedade da Esperança Convent, the Santíssima Trindade Convent and the Santo Antão-o-Velho College. The developed digital reconstructions were based on the London’s Charter and Principles of Seville, in order to ensure the intellectual and technical rigor, as well as the methodological computer-methods visualization work sturdiness. Thus, the developed methodology is scientific, cyclical and flexible based on the creation of digital models with associative and parametric geometry - BIM models (Building Information Model) - intended to include the architectural heritage study, conservation and dissemination.[ES] El patrimonio arquitectónico es un caso particular entre los bienes inmateriales y materiales, muebles e inmuebles constituyentes del patrimonio cultural. Se presenta como un proceso histórico continuo que no puede ser descotextualizado de su entorno (Brusaporci 2015). Con la intención de estudiar, preservar y divulgar la realidad pasada y presente de este tipo de patrimonio, fue desarrolada una metodología de reconstrucción digital capaz de adaptarse a cada caso concreto, tanto por la naturaleza del objeto estudiado como por el objetivo final de su representación que apenas es posible por los avances tecnológicos de la última década que llevarán al nacimiento del concepto de património digital y, paralelamente la innovación y/o perfeccionamiento del hardware y software próprio. La manera de exponer y discutir una metodólogia desarrollada que muestra las reconstruccines digitales de los monumentos que marcan la imagen de la ciudad de Lisboa. Por la forma de cubrir sus necesidades específicas y teniendo en cuenta sus distintas naturalezas será mostrado el caso particular de un monumento en concreto, el Acueducto de las Águas Livres, el caso de monumentos circunscritos en el territorio de los distintos estados de conservación con tres conventos representativos del universo de los conventos de Lisboa: El convento de nuestra señora de la Piedad de la Esperanza, el convento de la Santísima Trinidad y el colegio de San Antonio Viejo. Las reconstrucciones virtuales elaboradas tuvieron como base la Carta de Atenas y los principios de Sevilla como forma de asegurar el rigor intelectual y técnico así como la solided metodológica del trabajo de visualización informatizada. De este modo, la metodología desarrolada, científica de manera cíclica y flexible basada en la creación de los modelos digitales de geometría asociativa y paramétrica. Modelos BIM (Building Information Model) pretende abarcar las vertientes del estudio, conservación y divulgación del patrimonio arquitectónico.Gil, A. (2016). DIGITAL RECONSTRUCTIONS - A METHODOLOGY FOR THE STUDY, PRESERVATION AND DISSEMINATION OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE. En 8th International congress on archaeology, computer graphics, cultural heritage and innovation. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 44-55. https://doi.org/10.4995/arqueologica8.2016.2982OCS445

Algorithmic modelling processes in scan-to-BIM workflows

The benefits brought by the application of the BIM philosophy to built heritage are now widely recognised, so much so that a closely related methodology, Heritage BIM borned. The HBIM finds practical confirmation in the so-called Scan-to-BIM processes; the data of architectural organisms, in the form of point clouds, are the basis on which the modelling of information is developed, to arrive at geometric models within which all the information necessary for the reading and interpretation of the architectural artefact as well as for its preservation and management is collected. In the paper some of the problems that arise from the application of the Scan-to-BIM processes to complex historical elements are analysed, particularly related to the phases of creation of three-dimensional models. In addition, a reasoning is made about how such problems can be solved or at least mitigated, thanks to the use of algorithmic modelling; the aim is to parameterise the generative process of the models, when the model itself cannot be parametric. In order to do this, a classic typology of historical architecture was examined: late-gothic vaulted systems