Quantifying Economic Dependency

In this paper we compare several types of economic dependency ratios for a selection of European countries. These dependency ratios take into account not only the demographic structure of the population, but also the differences in age-specific economic behaviour such as labour market activity, income and consumption as well as age-specific public transfers. In selected simulations where we combine patterns of age-specific economic behaviour and transfers with population projections, we show that in all countries population ageing would lead to a pronounced increase in dependency ratios if present age-specific patterns were not to change. Our analysis of cross-country differences in economic dependency demonstrates that these differences are driven by both differences in age-specific economic behaviour and in the age composition of the populations. The choice of which dependency ratio to use in a specific policy context is determined by the nature of the question to be answered. The comparison of our various dependency ratios across countries gives insights into which strategies might be effective in mitigating the expected increase in economic dependency due to demographic change

Does education matter? - economic dependency ratios by education

When studying the economic consequences of changes in the age structure of the population, looking at economic dependency ratios provides us with some descriptive and intuitive initial insights. In this paper, we present two economic dependency ratios. The first ratio is based on economic activity status, and relates the number of dependent individuals to the number of workers. The second dependency ratio relates consumption to total labour income. To build up the second ratio, we rely on the recently set up National Transfer Accounts (NTA) for Austria. Simulations of the employment-based dependency ratio with constant agespecific employment rates indicate that the employment-based dependency ratio will increase from 1.23 in 2010 to 1.88 in 2050, based on a population scenario that assumes low mortality, medium fertility and medium migration in the future. The corresponding values for the NTA-based dependency with constant age-specific labour income and consumption are 1.12 in 2010 and 1.49 in 2050.We then compare how the dependency ratio would di¿er if we accounted for the increasing levels of educational attainment. While the education-specific age patterns of economic activities are kept constant as of 2010, the changing educational composition up to 2050 is accounted for. In Austria, higher educated individuals enter and exit the labour market at older ages and have more total labour income than lower educated individuals. Our simulations of the education-specific economic dependency ratios up to 2050, based on the optimistic projection scenario of low mortality and high educational levels in the future, show that the employment-based ratio will increase to 1.68 and the NTA-based dependency ratio will rise to 1.28. These increases are still considerable, but are well below the values found when changes in the educational composition are not taken into account. We can therefore conclude that the trend towards higher levels of educational attainment may help to reduce economic dependency

The relationship of economic dependency to school adjustment -

Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University, 1948. This item was digitized by the Internet Archive

POPULATION AGING AND ECONOMIC DEPENDENCY RATIO: COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC AND SLOVAKIA

The article examines the effects of population aging on economic dependency ratio. The results are estimated using broader definition of economic dependency allowing for variability in employment rates of age- and gender-specific groups. The Czech Republic and Slovakia are used as case study countries with similar starting point to assess their comparative population dynamics. The results suggest a significant growth of dependent share of population. Dependency ratios are predicted to increase from 110 % in 2016 to 161 % in 2060 and from 120 % to 181 % for Czech and Slovak economy respectively. Decomposition of the indicator shows substantial old-age cohort contribution, which indicates increased pressure on fiscal stability due to population aging. In second stage, the sensitivity of economic dependency on employment rates is tested to model three policy reforms to tackle the increased dependency – increase in exit age from workforce, gender equalizing labour market reform and mobilization of young-age workers. The evidence suggests that a cumulative effect of simulated reforms has the ability to decrease predicted dependency ratios back to current levels

Inter-firm dependency and employment inequalities : Theoretical hypotheses and empirical tests

This article highlights the importance of power relations in inter-firm relations and analyses their impact on firms' employment management practices. We show, firstly, that the use of subcontracting creates a chain of inter-firm economic dependency because it leads the principal contractor to plan and control the activities of the subcontractors. We then advance the hypothesis that this chain of dependency influences both the skill structure and wage levels. Empirical tests carried out on French data confirm that firms that subcontract outsource execution tasks and that the hierarchy of firms impacts employees' wage levels.Subcontracting ; skills ; wages ; power relation

Conclusion: New Projects and Old Reminders

Globalization and the transnational networks established by economic integration have produced a context in which the gathering of knowledge about Latina/o and Latin American communities is largely devoid of any processual perspective. This means that we must construct an alternative methodology to capture the international and transnational social fields and arenas of this multinational population. Nowhere does this type of dialogue appear more necessary than in studies of immigration from Latin America to the United States. In particular, we maintain that the integration of Latin American and Latina/o studies requires viewing these new waves of migrants as part of a synchronic flow of capital, goods, and resources back and forth between the United States and their countries of origin. We have shown in our discussion of remittances that multiple levels of economic dependency result

Latino Destinations and Environmental Inequality: Estimated Cancer Risk from Air Toxics in Latino Traditional and New Destinations

Since the 1990s, Latino migration patterns have shifted from traditional destinations to new destinations away from the Mexico border. Scholars note disparities between destinations in housing, crime, and health care, yet no study has examined environmental inequalities. In this article we employ theories of spatial assimilation and environmental inequality to evaluate health risks across Latino destinations by asking the question, is there a difference in estimated cancer risk from air toxics among established, new, and nondestination locations? Using county-level data with spatial lag regression analyses, we find that early new destinations (i.e., counties with significant Latino growth from 1990 to 2000) and recent new destinations (i.e., counties with significant Latino growth from 1990 to 2010) have higher estimated cancer risk from air toxics than established destinations (i.e., counties at or greater than the national average of Latinos in 1990) and nondestinations. The effect remains significant when controlling for various economic indicators

Do I have enough money? An examination of the roles of income and income perceptions on nursing turnover intentions

Economic stress is an understudied, but potentially critical, concern that deserves more attention in the literature because it has important implications for employees and organizations. The present study sought to bring researchers and practitioners\u27 attention to this area of research by examining the impact of income and income perceptions on turnover intentions. Very few published studies have investigated the mechanisms underlying the relationship between income and turnover intentions. As a novel contribution, the present study examined how perceived adequacy of current and future income each and simultaneously mediated the relationship between income and turnover intentions. Further, the study tested whether individuals\u27 economic dependency moderated the relationship between perceived income adequacy and turnover intentions. Using survey data collected from nurses, results indicated that perceived income adequacy for current needs, current wants, future needs and future wants each fully explained the relationship between household income and turnover intentions. Three-path mediations were also found significant when current perceptions and future expectations of income were tested simultaneously as mediators of the household income-turnover intentions relationship. Initial evidence was also found that subjective economic dependency moderated the relationship between perceived income adequacy for future needs and turnover intentions, where the effects were the strongest for nurses with low economic dependency. Results from this study are intended to provide meaningful information for organizations and practitioners in helping nurses reach financial readiness and financial well-being, and ultimately minimizing direct and indirect costs incurred from nurses\u27 turnover

Armenia: Difficult Choice ahead as Socio-Economic Risks Loom

This article examines how the government of Armenia dealt with the challenges resulting from the novel coronavirus pandemic. The article reviews the quarantine measures and related policy responses, the economic and social consequences of the current crisis, the situation with freedom of speech, and the significance of economic dependency on Russia