Environmental management plan (EMP)

In order to achieve a target on resource conservation and pollution reduction thus Environmental Management Plan (EMP) was introduced. An EMP is a site or project specific plan developed to ensure that appropriate environmental management practices are followed during a project’s construction and/or operation. Use of this guideline will improve the contribution that an EMP can make to the effectiveness of the EIA process and assists in ensuring that commitments made in project’s EIA are implemented. This EMP Guideline was developed in consultation with government agencies, contractors and industry groups. The EMP improve the need for the future-monitoring programme. In implementing the EMP, the project proponents need to adhere to the Terms and Conditions of Environmental Regulation and Guidelines. The monitoring of environmental parameters during the construction and operation phases of the project enables the project development to be implemented within safe environmental conditions

Empagliflozin reduces vascular damage and cognitive impairment in a mixed murine model of Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes

Background Both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) share common pathological features including inflammation, insulin signaling alterations, or vascular damage. AD has no successful treatment, and the close relationship between both diseases supports the study of antidiabetic drugs to limit or slow down brain pathology in AD. Empagliflozin (EMP) is a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, the newest class of antidiabetic agents. EMP controls hyperglycemia and reduces cardiovascular comorbidities and deaths associated to T2D. Therefore, we have analyzed the role of EMP at the central level in a complex mouse model of AD-T2D. Methods We have treated AD-T2D mice (APP/PS1xdb/db mice) with EMP 10 mg/kg for 22 weeks. Glucose, insulin, and body weight were monthly assessed. We analyzed learning and memory in the Morris water maze and the new object discrimination test. Postmortem brain assessment was conducted to measure brain atrophy, senile plaques, and amyloid-beta levels. Tau phosphorylation, hemorrhage burden, and microglia were also measured in the brain after EMP treatment. Results EMP treatment helped to maintain insulin levels in diabetic mice. At the central level, EMP limited cortical thinning and reduced neuronal loss in treated mice. Hemorrhage and microglia burdens were also reduced in EMP-treated mice. Senile plaque burden was lower, and these effects were accompanied by an amelioration of cognitive deficits in APP/PS1xdb/db mice. Conclusions Altogether, our data support a feasible role for EMP to reduce brain complications associated to AD and T2D, including classical pathological features and vascular disease, and supporting further assessment of EMP at the central level

The IMF of Extremely Metal-Poor Stars and the Probe into the Star-Formation Process of the Milky Way

We discuss the star formation history of the Galaxy, based on the observations of extremely metal-poor stars (EMP) in the Galactic halo, to gain an insight into the evolution and structure formation in the early universe. The initialmass function (IMF) of EMP stars is derived from the observed fraction of carbon-enhanced EXP (CEMP) stars among the EMP survivors, which are thought to originate from the evolution in the close binary systems with mass transfer. Relying upon the theory of the evolution of EMP stars and of their binary evolution, we find that stars of metallicity [Fe/H]<-2.5 were formed at typical mass of ~10M_sun. The top heavy IMF thus obtained is applied to study the early chemical evolution of the Galaxy. We construct the merging history of our Galaxy semi-analytically and derive the metallicity distribution function (MDF) of low-mass EMP stars that survive to date with taking into account the contribution of binary systems. It is shown that the resultant MDF can well reproduce the observed distribution of EMP survivors, and, in particular, that they almost all stem from a less-mass companion in binary systems. We also investigate how first stars affect the MDF of EMP stars.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, conference proceedings of First Star II

Nuclear Magnetohydrodynamic EMP, Solar Storms, and Substorms

In addition to a fast electromagnetic pulse (EMP), a high altitude nuclear burst produces a relatively slow magnetohydrodynarnic EMP (MHD EMP), whose effects are like those from solar storm geomagnetically induced currents (SS GIC). The MHD EMP electric field E < 10^-1 V/m and lasts < 10^2 sec, whereas for solar storms E > 10^-2 V/m and lasts >10^3 sec. Although the solar storm electric field is lower than MHD EMP, the solar storm effects are generally greater due to their much longer duration. Substorms produce much smaller effects than SS GIC, but occur much more frequently. This paper describes the physics of such geomagnetic disturbances and analyzes their effects.Comment: 29 pages, 14 figures, 5 table

Intrinsic and extrinsic decay of edge magnetoplasmons in graphene

We investigate intrinsic and extrinsic decay of edge magnetoplasmons (EMPs) in graphene quantum Hall (QH) systems by high-frequency electronic measurements. From EMP resonances in disk shaped graphene, we show that the dispersion relation of EMPs is nonlinear due to interactions, giving rise to intrinsic decay of EMP wavepacket. We also identify extrinsic dissipation mechanisms due to interaction with localized states in bulk graphene from the decay time of EMP wavepackets. We indicate that, owing to the unique linear and gapless band structure, EMP dissipation in graphene can be lower than that in GaAs systems.Comment: 5 page

Exchange Market Pressure on the Croatian Kuna

Currency crises exert strong pressure on currencies often causing costly economic adjustment. A measure of exchange market pressure (EMP) gauges the severity of such tensions. Measuring EMP is important for monetary authorities that manage exchange rates. It is also relevant in academic research that studies currency crises. A precise EMP measure is therefore important and this paper re-examines the measurement of EMP on the Croatian kuna. It improves it by considering intervention data and thresholds that account for the EMP distribution. It also tests the robustness of weights. A discussion of the results demonstrates a modest improvement over the previous measure and concludes that the new EMP on the Croatian kuna should be used in future research.exchange market pressure, currency crisis, Croatia

Exchange Market Pressure and De Facto Exchange Rate Regime in the Euro-Candidates

In this paper we estimate exchange market pressure (EMP) in four euro-candidate countries over the period 1995-2008. We apply model-dependent as well as modelindependent approach to the EMP estimation. Since all euro-candidates have to fulfil the exchange rate stability convergence criterion we analyze EMP in context of exchange rate arrangement and develop a continuous measure of de facto exchange rate regime. The paper provides no evidence of serious relationship between EMP and de facto regime. Therefore, the shift towards ERM II should not stimulate EMP to growth and pose an a priori threat to fulfillment of the exchange rate stability criterion.exchange market pressure; de facto exchange rate regime; eurocandidate countries; ERM II

Nucleosynthesis in High-Entropy Hot-Bubbles of SNe and Abundance Patterns of Extremely Metal-Poor Stars

There have been suggestions that the abundance of Extremely Metal-Poor (EMP) stars can be reproduced by Hypernovae (HNe), not by normal supernovae (SNe). However, recently it was also suggested that if the innermost neutron-rich or proton-rich matter is ejected, the abundance patterns of ejected matter are changed, and normal SNe may also reproduce the observations of EMP stars. In this letter, we calculate explosive nucleosynthesis with various Ye and entropy, and investigate whether normal SNe with this innermost matter, which we call "hot-bubble" component, can reproduce the abundance of EMP stars. We find that neutron-rich (Ye = 0.45-0.49) and proton-rich (Ye = 0.51-0.55) matter can increase Zn/Fe and Co/Fe ratios as observed, but tend to overproduce other Fe-peak elements. In addition to it, we find that if slightly proton-rich matter with 0.50 <= Ye < 0.501 with s/kb ~ 15-40 is ejected as much as ~ 0.06 Msolar, even normal SNe can reproduce the abundance of EMP stars, though it requires fine-tuning of Ye. On the other hand, HNe can more easily reproduce the observations of EMP stars without fine-tuning. Our results imply that HNe are the most possible origin of the abundance pattern of EMP stars.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures, Accepted to ApJL; modified reference

The Synthetic-Oversampling Method: Using Photometric Colors to Discover Extremely Metal-Poor Stars

Extremely metal-poor (EMP) stars ([Fe/H] < -3.0 dex) provide a unique window into understanding the first generation of stars and early chemical enrichment of the Universe. EMP stars are exceptionally rare, however, and the relatively small number of confirmed discoveries limits our ability to exploit these near-field probes of the first ~500 Myr after the Big Bang. Here, a new method to photometrically estimate [Fe/H] from only broadband photometric colors is presented. I show that the method, which utilizes machine-learning algorithms and a training set of ~170,000 stars with spectroscopically measured [Fe/H], produces a typical scatter of ~0.29 dex. This performance is similar to what is achievable via low-resolution spectroscopy, and outperforms other photometric techniques, while also being more general. I further show that a slight alteration to the model, wherein synthetic EMP stars are added to the training set, yields the robust identification of EMP candidates. In particular, this synthetic-oversampling method recovers ~20% of the EMP stars in the training set, at a precision of ~0.05. Furthermore, ~65% of the false positives from the model are very metal-poor stars ([Fe/H] < -2.0 dex). The synthetic-oversampling method is biased towards the discovery of warm (~F-type) stars, a consequence of the targeting bias from the SDSS/SEGUE survey. This EMP selection method represents a significant improvement over alternative broadband optical selection techniques. The models are applied to >12 million stars, with an expected yield of ~600 new EMP stars, which promises to open new avenues for exploring the early universe.Comment: 15 pages, 7 figures, to be submitted to Ap