Space transportation systems, launch systems, and propulsion for the Space Exploration Initiative: Results from Project Outreach

A number of transportation and propulsion options for Mars exploration missions are analyzed. As part of Project Outreach, RAND received and evaluated 350 submissions in the launch vehicle, space transportation, and propulsion areas. After screening submissions, aggregating those that proposed identical or nearly identical concepts, and eliminating from further consideration those that violated known physical princples, we had reduced the total number of viable submissions to 213. In order to avoid comparing such disparate things as launch vehicles and electric propulsion systems, six broad technical areas were selected to categorize the submissions: space transportation systems; earth-to-orbit (ETO) launch systems; chemical propulsion; nuclear propulsion; low-thrust propulsion; and other. To provide an appropriate background for analyzing the submissions, an extensive survey was made of the various technologies relevant to the six broad areas listed above. We discuss these technologies with the intent of providing the reader with an indication of the current state of the art, as well as the advances that might be expected within the next 10 to 20 years

Sources and sinks for nitrous oxide and experimental studies of the source of atmospheric COS, CS-2 and CH-3-Cl

Studies of the air and water chemistry in the Amazon region of Brazil were undertaken. Harvard scientists were invited to participate in several experiments at INPA facilities, at other sites in Brazil, and aboard the RV Calypso of the Cousteau Society. Expeditions and participants are summarized

A Companion to the Cavendishes

“The noble Cavendishes were one of the most influential families in the politics and culture of early modern England and beyond. A Companion to the Cavendishes offers a comprehensive account of the Cavendish family's creative output and cultural significance in the seventeenth century. It discusses the writings of individuals including William and Margaret Cavendish, and William's daughters Jane and Elizabeth; family members' work and patronage in other media such as music, architecture, and the visual arts; their participation in contemporary developments in politics, philosophy, and horsemanship; and the networks in which they moved both in England and in continental Europe. It also covers the work of less well-known family members such as the poet and biographer George Cavendish and the composer Michael Cavendish. This volume combines path-breaking scholarship with discussion of existing research, making it an invaluable resource for all those interested in this fascinating and diverse group of men and women.

Queen and Scholar: Elizabeth Tudor and Wisdom Imagery

What does it mean for a queen to be wise? In the context of early modern English Protestantism, wisdom was predominantly understood as a response to divine revelation, often mediated through scriptural authority. For a queen like Elizabeth Tudor, whose accession revived anxieties about women’s fitness to rule, the demonstration of Protestant erudition was an essential aspect of performing her suitability for godly governance. This thesis explores wisdom imagery in the representation and self-representation of Elizabeth. As such, it is a study of ways in which the display of godly wisdom and biblical scholarship were key to assuaging anxieties about female authority in sixteenth-century England. Scholars of queenship have focused our attention on what Susan Frye has termed ‘the competition for representation’. My thesis builds on this work to examine how wisdom imagery became a way for both the queen and her subjects to negotiate the representation of female authority. Linda Shenk has already explored the double-edged nature of ‘learned authority’, but she has focused on diplomatic and international perspectives. I assess it primarily in domestic contexts. I also explore Elizabeth’s use of Greek texts, identifying for the first time the source of a Greek verse published under her name in 1548, and I examine under-studied neo-Latin panegyric, including some transcribed here for the first time. I examine the entire period of the life of Elizabeth Tudor, but this final version of the thesis is weighted towards the first decades of Elizabeth’s life and reign. I make extensive use of writings published in the queen’s name, but I explore them alongside texts in which her subjects made clear their own demanding definitions of royal wisdom. Many contemporaries participated in Elizabeth Tudor’s strategies to present herself as a wise queen, but others used wisdom imagery to express anxieties about her competence

A Sport for Gentle Bloods

Le présent article envisage à nouveaux frais les liens entre le traité sur la chasse de George Gascoigne, The Noble Arte of Venerie (1575) et Comme il vous plaira (1598) de Shakespeare. Contrairement à l’idée selon laquelle ces œuvres préfigurent la sensibilité moderne aux droits des animaux, il s’agit de les comprendre à l’aune de relation inter-espèces plus anciennes et moins souples. Cette perspective plus datée, conformément à la doctrine du péché originel, voit l’humanité déchue naturellement encline à la prédation et au conflit et inapte par constitution aux pratiques pacifiques. Aussi les sentiments anti-cynégétiques attribués au Duc aîné dans Comme il vous plaira invoquent-ils un idéal d’harmonie édénique semblable aux mises en scène des divertissements royaux composés par Gascoigne et d’autres pour la reine Élisabeth (dont il a été démontré qu’ils représentaient une source majeure de la langue de la comédie shakespearienne). À l’inverse, Jaques assimile les mêmes sentiments anti-cynégétiques au registre de la satire, marquant ainsi leur éloignement de la réalité. Dans la pièce, l’ensemble des réponses opposées au réel (l’utopie et la satire, l’idéalisation et l’accusation) trouvent à s’exprimer dans le double spectacle final, le masque pour le mariage de Rosalinde et la procession charivaresque de Jaques, les deux étant réunis en une sorte de discordia concors. Dans cette harmonie de contrastes, l’utopie comme la satire rejettent la possibilité d’un comportement idéal dans l’ici et maintenant. Le traité de Gascoigne, de la même façon, repousse à la marge ses sentiments anti-cynégétiques en les présentant sous forme d’exercices versifiés, liminaires et cosmétiques, soit plutôt rhétoriques que réels. Reléguant la sympathie inter-espèces au domaine de l’inaccessible et du prélapsaire, Gascoigne et Shakespeare tranchent dans le sens d’une vision du monde d’après la chute qui serait éthiquement et écologiquement irréparable. Peut-être ne faut-il pas voir comme une coïncidence le fait que ce monde préfigure l’environnement qui caractérise des pièces plus tardives telles que Le Roi Lear ou Macbeth.This paper revisits the relationship between George Gascoigne’s Noble Arte of Venerie (1575) and Shakespeare’s As You Like It (1598). In the process it argues against the currently popular tendency to read these works as augurs of the modern animal-rights sensibility, preferring to understand them instead as expressions of an older and less accommodating sense of inter-species relations. This older view, consistent with the doctrine of original sin, understands fallen humanity as given by nature to predation and strife, constitutionally unsuited to the practice of peace. Thus Duke Senior’s anti-hunting sentiments in As You Like It invoke an ideal of paradisal harmony like that staged in the courtly entertainments composed by Gascoigne and others for Queen Elizabeth—these being, it has been argued, a major source for the language of Shakespeare’s play. By contrast, Jaques assimilates the same anti-hunting sentiments to the register of satire, marking in the process their distance from reality. Within As You Like It, these responses to the real—the utopian and the satirical, the idealizing and the accusatory—find expression in twin concluding spectacles: Rosalind’s wedding-masque and Jaques’ charivari-procession, the two uniting in a kind of discordia concors. In their contrasting harmony, utopia and satire alike reject the possibility of ideal behavior in the here and now; likewise, Gascoigne’s Noble Arte marginalizes its anti-hunting sentiments by casting them in the form of verse exercises, liminal and cosmetic, rhetorical rather than actual. By together placing inter-species sympathy in the realm of the unattainable and prelapsarian, Gascoigne and Shakespeare commit themselves to a vision of the fallen world as both ethically and ecologically unredeemable. Perhaps not by coincidence, this world anticipates the environment in which later Shakespearean plays like King Lear and Macbeth unfold

A companion to the Cavendishes writing, patronage, and material culture

The noble Cavendishes were one of the most influential families in the politics and culture of early modern England and beyond. A Companion to the Cavendishes offers a comprehensive account of the Cavendish family's creative output and cultural significance in the seventeenth century. It discusses the writings of individuals including William and Margaret Cavendish, and William's daughters Jane and Elizabeth; family members' work and patronage in other media such as music, architecture, and the visual arts; their participation in contemporary developments in politics, philosophy, and horsemanship; and the networks in which they moved both in England and in continental Europe. It also covers the work of less well-known family members such as the poet and biographer George Cavendish and the composer Michael Cavendish. This volume combines path-breaking scholarship with discussion of existing research, making it an invaluable resource for all those interested in this fascinating and diverse group of men and women

Greeks and Trojans on the Early Modern English Stage

No story was more interesting to Shakespeare and his contemporaries than that of Troy, partly because the story of Troy was in a sense the story of England, since the Trojan prince Aeneas was supposedly the ancestor of the Tudors. This book explores the wide range of allusions to Greece and Troy in plays by Shakespeare and his contemporaries, looking not only at plays actually set in Greece or Troy but also those which draw on characters and motifs from Greek mythology and the Trojan War. Texts covered include Shakespeare’s Troilus and Cressida, Othello, Hamlet, The Winter’s Tale, The Two Noble Kinsmen, Pericles and The Tempest as well as plays by other authors of the period including Marlowe, Chettle, Ford and Beaumont and Fletcher.https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/mip_ltsd/1001/thumbnail.jp