Compression of ECG signals using variable-length classified vector sets and wavelet transforms

In this article, an improved and more efficient algorithm for the compression of the electrocardiogram (ECG) signals is presented, which combines the processes of modeling ECG signal by variable-length classified signature and envelope vector sets (VL-CSEVS), and residual error coding via wavelet transform. In particular, we form the VL-CSEVS derived from the ECG signals, which exploits the relationship between energy variation and clinical information. The VL-CSEVS are unique patterns generated from many of thousands of ECG segments of two different lengths obtained by the energy based segmentation method, then they are presented to both the transmitter and the receiver used in our proposed compression system. The proposed algorithm is tested on the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database and MIT-BIH Compression Test Database and its performance is evaluated by using some evaluation metrics such as the percentage root-mean-square difference (PRD), modified PRD (MPRD), maximum error, and clinical evaluation. Our experimental results imply that our proposed algorithm achieves high compression ratios with low level reconstruction error while preserving the diagnostic information in the reconstructed ECG signal, which has been supported by the clinical tests that we have carried out.ISIK University [06B302]The author would like to special thank Prof. Siddik Yarman who is Board of Trustees Chairman of the ISIK University and Umit Guz, Assistant Professor at the ISIK University for their valuable contributions and continuous interest in this article. The author also would like to thank Prof. Osman Akdemir who is a cardiologist in the Department of Cardiology at the T. C. Maltepe University and Dr. Ruken Bengi Bakal who is a cardiologist in the Department of Cardiology at the Kartal Kosuyolu Yuksek Ihtisas Education and Research Hospital for their valuable clinical contributions and suggestions and the reviewers for their constructive comments which improved the technical quality and presentation of the article. The present work was supported by the Scientific Research Fund of ISIK University, Project number 06B302.Publisher's Versio

A Novel Image Compression Method Based on Classified Energy and Pattern Building Blocks

In this paper, a novel image compression method based on generation of the so-called classified energy and pattern blocks (CEPB) is introduced and evaluation results are presented. The CEPB is constructed using the training images and then located at both the transmitter and receiver sides of the communication system. Then the energy and pattern blocks of input images to be reconstructed are determined by the same way in the construction of the CEPB. This process is also associated with a matching procedure to determine the index numbers of the classified energy and pattern blocks in the CEPB which best represents (matches) the energy and pattern blocks of the input images. Encoding parameters are block scaling coefficient and index numbers of energy and pattern blocks determined for each block of the input images. These parameters are sent from the transmitter part to the receiver part and the classified energy and pattern blocks associated with the index numbers are pulled from the CEPB. Then the input image is reconstructed block by block in the receiver part using a mathematical model that is proposed. Evaluation results show that the method provides considerable image compression ratios and image quality even at low bit rates.The work described in this paper was funded by the Isik University Scientific Research Fund (Project contract no. 10B301). The author would like to thank to Professor B. S. Yarman (Istanbul University, College of Engineering, Department of Electrical-Electronics Engineering), Assistant Professor Hakan Gurkan (Isik University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Electrical-Electronics Engineering), the researchers in the International Computer Science Institute (ICSI), Speech Group, University of California at Berkeley, CA, USA and the researchers in the SRI International, Speech Technology and Research (STAR) Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA for many helpful discussions on this work during his postdoctoral fellow years. The author also would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions which substantially improved the quality of this paperPublisher's Versio

A METHOD FOR NON-INVASIVE, AUTOMATED BEHAVIOR CLASSIFICATION IN MICE, USING PIEZOELECTRIC PRESSURE SENSORS

While all mammals sleep, the functions and implications of sleep are not well understood, and are a strong area of investigation in the research community. Mice are utilized in many sleep studies, with electroencephalography (EEG) signals widely used for data acquisition and analysis. However, since EEG electrodes must be surgically implanted in the mice, the method is high cost and time intensive. This work presents an extension of a previously researched high throughput, low cost, non-invasive method for mouse behavior detection and classification. A novel hierarchical classifier is presented that classifies behavior states including NREM and REM sleep, as well as active behavior states, using data acquired from a Signal Solutions (Lexington, KY) piezoelectric cage floor system. The NREM/REM classification system presented an 81% agreement with human EEG scorers, indicating a useful, high throughput alternative to the widely used EEG acquisition method

Intelligent Biosignal Processing in Wearable and Implantable Sensors

This reprint provides a collection of papers illustrating the state-of-the-art of smart processing of data coming from wearable, implantable or portable sensors. Each paper presents the design, databases used, methodological background, obtained results, and their interpretation for biomedical applications. Revealing examples are brain–machine interfaces for medical rehabilitation, the evaluation of sympathetic nerve activity, a novel automated diagnostic tool based on ECG data to diagnose COVID-19, machine learning-based hypertension risk assessment by means of photoplethysmography and electrocardiography signals, Parkinsonian gait assessment using machine learning tools, thorough analysis of compressive sensing of ECG signals, development of a nanotechnology application for decoding vagus-nerve activity, detection of liver dysfunction using a wearable electronic nose system, prosthetic hand control using surface electromyography, epileptic seizure detection using a CNN, and premature ventricular contraction detection using deep metric learning. Thus, this reprint presents significant clinical applications as well as valuable new research issues, providing current illustrations of this new field of research by addressing the promises, challenges, and hurdles associated with the synergy of biosignal processing and AI through 16 different pertinent studies. Covering a wide range of research and application areas, this book is an excellent resource for researchers, physicians, academics, and PhD or master students working on (bio)signal and image processing, AI, biomaterials, biomechanics, and biotechnology with applications in medicine

Privacy-Protecting Techniques for Behavioral Data: A Survey

Our behavior (the way we talk, walk, or think) is unique and can be used as a biometric trait. It also correlates with sensitive attributes like emotions. Hence, techniques to protect individuals privacy against unwanted inferences are required. To consolidate knowledge in this area, we systematically reviewed applicable anonymization techniques. We taxonomize and compare existing solutions regarding privacy goals, conceptual operation, advantages, and limitations. Our analysis shows that some behavioral traits (e.g., voice) have received much attention, while others (e.g., eye-gaze, brainwaves) are mostly neglected. We also find that the evaluation methodology of behavioral anonymization techniques can be further improved

The use of mechanical redundancy for fault detection in non-stationary machinery

The classical approach to machinery fault detection is one where a machinery’s condition is constantly compared to an established baseline with deviations indicating the occurrence of a fault. With the absence of a well-established baseline, fault detection for variable duty machinery requires the use of complex machine learning and signal processing tools. These tools require extensive data collection and expert knowledge which limits their use for industrial applications. The thesis at hand investigates the problem of fault detection for a specific class of variable duty machinery; parallel machines with simultaneously loaded subsystems. As an industrial case study, the parallel drive stations of a novel material haulage system have been instrumented to confirm the mechanical response similarity between simultaneously loaded machines. Using a table-top fault simulator, a preliminary statistical algorithm was then developed for fault detection in bearings under non-stationary operation. Unlike other state of the art fault detection techniques used in monitoring variable duty machinery, the proposed algorithm avoided the need for complex machine learning tools and required no previous training. The limitations of the initial experimental setup necessitated the development of a new machinery fault simulator to expand the investigation to include transmission systems. The design, manufacturing and setup of the various subsystems within the new simulator are covered in this manuscript including the mechanical, hydraulic and control subsystems. To ensure that the new simulator has successfully met its design objectives, extensive data collection and analysis has been completed and is presented in this thesis. The results confirmed that the developed machine truly represents the operation of a simultaneously loaded machine and as such would serve as a research tool for investigating the application of classical fault detection techniques to parallel machines in non-stationary operation.Master's These

Entropy in Image Analysis II

Image analysis is a fundamental task for any application where extracting information from images is required. The analysis requires highly sophisticated numerical and analytical methods, particularly for those applications in medicine, security, and other fields where the results of the processing consist of data of vital importance. This fact is evident from all the articles composing the Special Issue "Entropy in Image Analysis II", in which the authors used widely tested methods to verify their results. In the process of reading the present volume, the reader will appreciate the richness of their methods and applications, in particular for medical imaging and image security, and a remarkable cross-fertilization among the proposed research areas

Pattern Recognition

Pattern recognition is a very wide research field. It involves factors as diverse as sensors, feature extraction, pattern classification, decision fusion, applications and others. The signals processed are commonly one, two or three dimensional, the processing is done in real- time or takes hours and days, some systems look for one narrow object class, others search huge databases for entries with at least a small amount of similarity. No single person can claim expertise across the whole field, which develops rapidly, updates its paradigms and comprehends several philosophical approaches. This book reflects this diversity by presenting a selection of recent developments within the area of pattern recognition and related fields. It covers theoretical advances in classification and feature extraction as well as application-oriented works. Authors of these 25 works present and advocate recent achievements of their research related to the field of pattern recognition