A Comprehensive Review of Congestion Management in Power System

In recent decades, restructuring has cut across all probable domains, involving the power supply industry. The restructuring has brought about considerable changes whereby electricity is now a commodity and has become a deregulated one. These competitive markets have paved the way for countless entrants. This has caused overload and congestion on transmission lines. In addition, the open access transmission network has created a more intensified congestion issue. Therefore, congestion management on power systems is relevant and central significance to the power industry. This manuscript review few congestion management techniques, consists of Reprogramming Generation (GR), Load Shedding, Optimal Distributed Generation (DG) Location, Nodal Pricing, Free Methods, Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Fuzzy Logic System Method, as well as Additional Renewable Energy Sources. In this manuscript a review work is performed to unite the entire publications on congestion management

A Comprehensive Review of Congestion Management in Power System

In recent decades, restructuring has cut across all probable domains, involving the power supply industry. The restructuring has brought about considerable changes whereby electricity is now a commodity and has become a deregulated one. These competitive markets have paved the way for countless entrants. This has caused overload and congestion on transmission lines. In addition, the open access transmission network has created a more intensified congestion issue. Therefore, congestion management on power systems is relevant and central significance to the power industry. This manuscript review few congestion management techniques, consists of Reprogramming Generation (GR), Load Shedding, Optimal Distributed Generation (DG) Location, Nodal Pricing, Free Methods, Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Fuzzy Logic System Method, as well as Additional Renewable Energy Sources. In this manuscript a review work is performed to unite the entire publications on congestion management

The Power of Sharing: More Flexible Power System through Mobility-as-a-Service

An increasing number of European cities are actively supporting Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) in order to make the personal transportation system more efficient and to increase the liveability of the cities. MaaS provides an opportunity to expand the market for electric vehicles to everyday users. It also helps to create a more seamless connection between electric vehicles and the power system from the technical, as well as from the economic viewpoint. This will help to exploit the potential of electric vehicles in order to increase flexibility in the power system and to avoid technical occurrences, such as overloads. However, there are still some obstacles in harnessing the best symbiosis between MaaS electric vehicle fleets and smart grid solutions. While some of these obstacles are linked to the markets that are not yet fully generated, there are also obstacles linked to different policies that are yet not supporting these new methods of mobility.publishedVersio

REAL-TIME CONGESTION MANAGEMENT IN MODERN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

In this research, the problem of real-time congestion management in a modern distribution system with massive active elements such as electric vehicles (EVs), distributed energy resources (DERs), and demand response (DR) is investigated. A novel hierarchical operation and management framework is proposed that can take advantage of the demand side contribution to manage the real-time congestion. There are five main steps in this framework as 1) the aggregators send their demand to the microgrid operators (MGOs), 2) the MGOs send their demand to the distribution system operator (DSO), 3) the DSO detects the congestions and calls the engaged MGOs to reduce their demand, 4) the MGOs update the electricity price to motivate the aggregators to reduce the overall demand, and 5) the DSO dispatches the system according to the finalized demand. The proposed framework is validated on two modified IEEE unbalanced test systems. The results illustrate two congestion cases at t=8:45 am and t=9:30 am in the modified IEEE 13-bus test system, which needs 363kW and 286 kW load reductions, respectively, to be fully addressed. MG#1 and MG#2 are engaged to maintain the 363 kW reduction at t=8:45, and MG#3 and MG#4 are called to reduce their demands by 386 kW at t=9:30 am. The overall interactions can relieve the congested branches. The DSO’s calculations show three congestions at t=1 pm, t=3 pm, and t=9 pm on the IEEE 123-bus test system. These congestion cases can be alleviated by reducing 809 kW, 1177 kW, and 497 kW from the corresponding MGs at t=1 pm, t=3 pm, and t=9 pm, respectively. The second part of the simulation results demonstrates that the proposed real-time data estimator (RDE) can reduce the DSO’s miss-detected congestion cases due to the uncertain data. There are two miss-detected congestions in the IEEE 13-bus test system at t=1:15 pm and t=1:30 pm that can be filtered for t=1:15 pm and minored for t=1:30 pm using the RDE. The proposed RDE can also reduce the miss-detected congestions from 18 cases to four cases in the IEEE 123-bus test system. As a result, the RDE can minimize the extra costs due to the uncertain data. The overall results validate that the proposed framework can adaptively manage real-time congestions in distribution systems

Alocação de Custos em Sistemas de Distribuição utilizando Preços Nodais considerando a Incerteza no Crescimento da Demanda

Tese apresentada à Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos da Universidade de São Paulo, como requisito para a obtenção do Título de Doutor em Ciências, Programa de Engenharia Elétrica. Área de Concentração: Sistemas Elétricos de Potência. Orientador: Prof. Dr. João Bosco Augusto London Junior.O problema da precificação do serviço de redes de distribuição é alvo de constante investigação desde o surgimento dos primeiros mercados de energia elétrica no mundo. A remuneração adequada das empresas que prestam tal serviço é assunto de interesse de distribuidoras e órgãos reguladores. Nesse contexto, o surgimento dos Recursos Energéticos Distribuídos trouxe diversos desafios às concessionárias, como por exemplo, a recuperação dos custos com vistas à sustentabilidade econômica das empresas. Este trabalho propõe um método estocástico para identificar e quantificar receitas não desejadas por uma distribuidora considerando as incertezas no crescimento da demanda e da geração. As incertezas são modeladas por meio do Movimento Geométrico Browniano, para a taxa de crescimento da demanda, e pela distribuição de probabilidade triangular, para a taxa de crescimento da geração, obtendo-se, assim, uma taxa de crescimento da demanda líquida. Essa última é utilizada como parâmetro de entrada em um método determinístico de alocação de custos via Preços Nodais para cargas e geradores. Então, a partir dos Preços Nodais, é determinada a receita de uma distribuidora. A Simulação de Monte Carlo é empregada para se obter de um conjunto de receitas. Observou-se que em determinadas situações de carregamento do sistema e de tarifa fixada por uma distribuidora, é possível a recuperação dos custos fixos da empresa. Entretanto, há a possibilidade de cenários em que a arrecadação de receita não seja compatível com os investimentos futuros a serem realizados na rede. O modelo proposto pode ser utilizado para auxiliar agências reguladoras a examinar uma possível alteração na estrutura tarifária. Além disso, pode auxiliar uma distribuidora para melhor gestão dos seus ativos. Para a obtenção dos resultados foram utilizando os sistemas IEEE 13 e 123 nós

Active congestion quantification and reliability improvement considering aging failure in modern distribution networks

The enormous concerns of climate change and traditional resource crises lead to the increased use of distributed generations (DGs) and electric vehicles (EVs) in distribution networks. This leads to significant challenges in maintaining safe and reliable network operations due to the complexity and uncertainties in active distribution networks, e.g., congestion and reliability problems. Effective congestion management (CM) policies require appropriate indices to quantify the seriousness and customer contributions to congested areas. Developing an accurate model to identify the residual life of aged equipment is also essential in long-term CM procedures. The assessment of network reliability and equipment end-of-life failure also plays a critical role in network planning and regulation. The main contributions of this thesis include a) outlining the specific characteristics of congestion events and introducing the typical metrics to assess the effectiveness of CM approaches; b) proposing spatial, temporal and aggregate indices for rapidly recognizing the seriousness of congestion in terms of thermal and voltage violations, and proposing indices for quantifying the customer contributions to congested areas; c) proposing an improved method to estimate the end-of-life failure probabilities of transformers and cables lines taking real-time relative aging speed and loss-of-life into consideration; d) quantifying the impact of different levels of EV penetration on the network reliability considering end-of-life failure on equipment and post-fault network reconfiguration; and e) proposing an EV smart charging optimization model to improve network reliability and reduce the cost of customers and power utilities. Simulation results illustrate the feasibility of the proposed indices in rapidly recognizing the congestion level, geographic location, and customer contributions in balanced and unbalanced systems. Voltage congestion can be significantly relieved by network reconfiguration and the utilization of the proposed indices by utility operators in CM procedures is also explained. The numerical studies also verify that the improved Arrhenius-Weibull can better indicate the aging process and demonstrate the superior accuracy of the proposed method in identifying residual lives and end-of-life failure probabilities of transformers and conductors. The integration of EV has a great impact on equipment aging failure probability and loss-of-life, thus resulting in lower network reliability and higher cost for managing aging failure. Finally, the proposed piecewise linear optimization model of the EV smart charging framework can significantly improve network reliability by 90% and reduce the total cost by 83.8% for customers and power utilities

Tarifação do uso da rede de distribuição com presença de geração distribuída

The regulation of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) has cast doubt on the sustainability of utility business models. The impact of net-metering, and network charge rebates for distributed generation (DG) have been questioned because of the cross-subsidies that result between passive consumers and DG investors. Besides DG investors, other new entrants such as owners of energy storage resources and electrical vehicles are creating challenges for the regulation of distribution service pricing. This work addresses the debate by comparing several different distribution network pricing models from the literature. It suggests modifications to these methodologies to adapt them as we transition from a distribution sector comprising passive users to one in which users are active agents. It considers the design principles governing each tariff, from the perspective of simplicity, economic signalling, and revenue reconciliation. Results are presented of simulations performed with different arrangements of alternative energy generators and energy stores, using an actual feeder from a distribution company in Brazil. An analysis of these results is provided that suggests a combination of locational and time-of-use rates can provide effective economic signals to these new types of system user.A regulamentação da geração distribuída (GD) lançou dúvidas sobre a sustentabilidade dos modelos de negócios das concessionárias. O impacto das tarifas net-metering e descontos de encargos de rede para GD foram questionados devido aos subsídios cruzados que resultam entre consumidores passivos e investidores de GD. Além dos investidores da GD, outros novos participantes, como proprietários de recursos de armazenamento de energia e veículos elétricos, têm criado desafios para a regulamentação dos preços dos serviços de distribuição. Esta tese aborda o debate comparando vários modelos diferentes de precificação de redes de distribuição da literatura. São sugeridas modificações nessas metodologias para adaptá-las à medida que fazemos a transição de um setor de distribuição que compreende usuários passivos para um em que os usuários são agentes ativos. São considerados os princípios de design de tarifa: simplicidade, sinalização econômica e reconciliação de receita. Os resultados apresentados são simulações realizadas com diferentes arranjos de geradores de energia alternativa e armazenadores de energia, usando um alimentador real de uma distribuidora no Brasil. Uma análise desses resultados é fornecida, a qual sugere que uma combinação de tarifas de localização e tempo de uso pode fornecer sinais econômicos eficazes para esses novos tipos de usuários do sistema