A Scheduling and Resource Allocation Algorithm for LTE Networks Using Tree Structures

Το σύστημα LTE σχεδιάστηκε από τη 3GPP με στόχο την ικανοποίηση των ολοένααυξανόμενων αναγκών για ασύρματη ευρυζωνική πρόσβαση. Τεχνικές όπως το σχήμα πολλαπλής πρόσβασης OFDMA, το MIMOκαι η Προσαρμοστική Διαμόρφωση και Κωδικοποίηση υιοθετήθηκαν προκειμένου να αυξήσουν τους επιτεύξιμους ρυθμούςμετάδοσης και να βελτιώσουν τη φασματική απόδοση. Ωστόσο, απαιτείται η ανάπτυξη εξελιγμένων αλγορίθμωνχρονοπρογραμματισμού προκειμένου να αξιοποιηθεί η πλήρης δυναμική αυτών των τεχνικών. Παρά το γεγονός ότι η 3GPPέχειπροτυποποιήσει πλήρως τη σηματοδοσία ελέγχου που απαιτείται για την εκτέλεση του χρονοπρογραμματισμού, οι αλγόριθμοι πουχρειάζεται να εκτελεστούν προκειμένου να ληφθούν αποδοτικές αποφάσεις έχουν αφεθεί στους κατασκευαστές για υλοποίηση.Ωςεκ τούτου, σημαντική ερευνητική προσπάθεια έχει καταβληθεί προς αυτή την κατεύθυνση και έχουν προταθεί αρκετοίαλγόριθμοιχρονοπρογραμματισμού. Το κύριο συμπέρασμα που εξάγεται από τη μελέτη της βιβλιογραφίας είναι ότι οχρονοπρογραμματισμόςσε ένα σύστημα πολλών φερουσών με τους περιορισμούς του LTE αποτελεί ένα πολυδιάστατο πρόβλημα.Ανάμεσα στις πολλέςδιαστάσεις του, αυτές που κυρίως λαμβάνονται υπόψη στους προτεινόμενους αλγορίθμους είναι ηρυθμαπόδοση, η δικαιοσύνη και η εξασφάλιση εγγυημένης ποιότητας υπηρεσίας.Η κύρια συμβολή της παρούσας διατριβής είναι η πρόταση ενός νέου αλγόριθμου χρονοπρογραμματισμού και διαχείρισης πόρων ο οποίος αντιμετωπίζει τα περισσότερα από τα θέματα που καθορίζουν τησυνολική απόδοση μίας οντότητας χρονοπρογραμματισμού του LTE. Η πρόταση εστιάζει κυρίως στην πολυπλοκότητα πουεισάγεται κατά τη λήψη μίας απόφασης χρονοπρογραμματισμού. Επιχειρεί δε να επιλύσει αυτό το πρόβλημα με την εισαγωγή μίαςεξελιγμένης δενδρικής δομής η οποία επιτρέπει την αποδοτική αποθήκευση όλων των παραμέτρων που θεωρούνται ουσιώδεις στηδιαδικασία λήψης μίας απόφασης χρονοπρογραμματισμού. Με αυτό τον τρόπο η οντότητα χρονοπρογραμματισμού έχει άμεσηπρόσβαση σε αυτές τις πληροφορίες. Στην εργασία περιγράφεται ένας πλήρης αλγόριθμος προγραμματισμού στο πεδίο τουχρόνου που αξιοποιεί αυτή τη δενδρική δομή και επιπλέον προτείνονται δύο νέοι αλγόριθμοι κατανομής πόρων. Οι αλγόριθμοιαυτοί επίσης αξιοποιούν κάποιες επιπρόσθετες δενδρικές δομές οι οποίες παράγονται ύστερα από κατάλληλη προ-επεξεργασίαπου λαμβάνει χώρα πριν τη λήψη της απόφασης χρονοπρογραμματισμού. Ο πρώτος αλγόριθμος παρουσιάζει χαμηλήπολυπλοκότητα και ικανοποιητική απόδοση ενώ ο δεύτερος βελτιωμένη απόδοση με το κόστος κάποιας επιπρόσθετηςπολυπλοκότητας. Αποτελέσματα εκτεταμένων προσομοιώσεων επιβεβαιώνουν την ικανότητα του προτεινόμενου σχήματος στηνικανοποίηση των αυστηρών απαιτήσεων του LTE σε ότι αφορά την ποιότητα υπηρεσίας, ενώ ταυτόχρονα η απόδοση τωνπροτεινόμενων αλγορίθμων συγκρίνεται με γνωστές τεχνικές χρονοπρογραμματισμού. Οι προτεινόμενες λύσεις είναι εφαρμόσιμες μόνο στην περίπτωση της κατωφερούς ζεύξης, ωστόσο η ίδια ιδέα μπορεί να προσαρμοστεί κατάλληλα για να παρέχει μία αποδοτική λύση και στην περίπτωση της ανωφερούς ζεύξηςLong Term Evolution (LTE) has been designed by 3GPP with the target to meet the ever increasing demands in broadband wireless access. Techniques such as OFDMA multiple access scheme, MIMO and Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) have been adopted in order to boost the achieved data rates and improve spectral efficiency. However, the development of sophisticated scheduling algorithms is required so that the full potential of those techniques is exploited. Even though 3GPP has fully standardized the control signaling required to perform scheduling, the algorithms that need to be executed to make efficient decisions are left to vendor implementation. Therefore significant research effort has been dedicated to this direction and several scheduling algorithms have been proposed. The main conclusion drawn from the study of the literature is that scheduling in a multicarrier system with the restrictions of LTE constitutes a multidimensional problem. Among the multiple dimensions, those that are mostly considered in the proposed algorithms are throughput, fairness and QoS guarantee. The main contribution of this thesis is to propose a new scheduling algorithm that addresses most of the issues that define the overall performance of an LTE scheduler. The proposal focuses mainly on the complexity involved in making a scheduling decision. It attempts to resolve this issue by the introduction of a sophisticated tree structure that enables the efficient storage of all the parameters that are considered essential in the scheduling decision process. Thus the scheduler can have immediate access to this information. A full time domain scheduling algorithm that utilizes this tree structure is described and two new resource allocation algorithms are proposed. These algorithms also utilize some additional tree structures derived from appropriate preprocessing actions that take place before the actual scheduling decision. The first algorithm has low complexity and satisfactory performance while the second has improved performance with the cost of some additional complexity. Extensive simulation results confirm the capability of the proposed scheme in satisfying the strict QoS requirements of LTE, while the performance of the newly proposed algorithms is compared with well-known scheduling techniques. The proposed solutions are applicable to the downlink case, while the same concept may be adapted properly to provide an efficient solution for the uplink case

Adaptive Communications for Next Generation Broadband Wireless Access Systems

Un dels aspectes claus en el disseny i gestió de les xarxes sense fils d'accés de banda ampla és l'ús eficient dels recursos radio. Des del punt de vista de l'operador, l'ample de banda és un bé escàs i preuat que s´ha d'explotar i gestionar de la forma més eficient possible tot garantint la qualitat del servei que es vol proporcionar. Per altra banda, des del punt de vista del usuari, la qualitat del servei ofert ha de ser comparable al de les xarxes fixes, requerint així un baix retard i una baixa pèrdua de paquets per cadascun dels fluxos de dades entre la xarxa i l'usuari. Durant els darrers anys s´han desenvolupat nombroses tècniques i algoritmes amb l'objectiu d'incrementar l'eficiència espectral. Entre aquestes tècniques destaca l'ús de múltiples antenes al transmissor i al receptor amb l'objectiu de transmetre diferents fluxos de dades simultaneament sense necessitat d'augmentar l'ample de banda. Per altra banda, la optimizació conjunta de la capa d'accés al medi i la capa física (fent ús de l'estat del canal per tal de gestionar de manera optima els recursos) també permet incrementar sensiblement l'eficiència espectral del sistema.L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és l'estudi i desenvolupament de noves tècniques d'adaptació de l'enllaç i gestió dels recursos ràdio aplicades sobre sistemes d'accés ràdio de propera generació (Beyond 3G). Els estudis realitzats parteixen de la premissa que el transmisor coneix (parcialment) l'estat del canal i que la transmissió es realitza fent servir un esquema multiportadora amb múltiples antenes al transmisor i al receptor. En aquesta tesi es presenten dues línies d'investigació, la primera per casos d'una sola antenna a cada banda de l'enllaç, i la segona en cas de múltiples antenes. En el cas d'una sola antena al transmissor i al receptor, un nou esquema d'assignació de recursos ràdio i priorització dels paquets (scheduling) és proposat i analitzat integrant totes dues funcions sobre una mateixa entitat (cross-layer). L'esquema proposat té com a principal característica la seva baixa complexitat i que permet operar amb transmissions multimedia. Alhora, posteriors millores realitzades per l'autor sobre l'esquema proposat han permès també reduir els requeriments de senyalització i combinar de forma óptima usuaris d'alta i baixa mobilitat sobre el mateix accés ràdio, millorant encara més l'eficiència espectral del sistema. En cas d'enllaços amb múltiples antenes es proposa un nou esquema que combina la selecció del conjunt optim d'antenes transmissores amb la selecció de la codificació espai- (frequència-) temps. Finalment es donen una sèrie de recomanacions per tal de combinar totes dues línies d'investigació, així con un estat de l'art de les tècniques proposades per altres autors que combinen en part la gestió dels recursos ràdio i els esquemes de transmissió amb múltiples antenes.Uno de los aspectos claves en el diseño y gestión de las redes inalámbricas de banda ancha es el uso eficiente de los recursos radio. Desde el punto de vista del operador, el ancho de banda es un bien escaso y valioso que se debe explotar y gestionar de la forma más eficiente posible sin afectar a la calidad del servicio ofrecido. Por otro lado, desde el punto de vista del usuario, la calidad del servicio ha de ser comparable al ofrecido por las redes fijas, requiriendo así un bajo retardo y una baja tasa de perdida de paquetes para cada uno de los flujos de datos entre la red y el usuario. Durante los últimos años el número de técnicas y algoritmos que tratan de incrementar la eficiencia espectral en dichas redes es bastante amplio. Entre estas técnicas destaca el uso de múltiples antenas en el transmisor y en el receptor con el objetivo de poder transmitir simultáneamente diferentes flujos de datos sin necesidad de incrementar el ancho de banda. Por otro lado, la optimización conjunta de la capa de acceso al medio y la capa física (utilizando información de estado del canal para gestionar de manera óptima los recursos) también permite incrementar sensiblemente la eficiencia espectral del sistema.El objetivo de esta tesis es el estudio y desarrollo de nuevas técnicas de adaptación del enlace y la gestión de los recursos radio, y su posterior aplicación sobre los sistemas de acceso radio de próxima generación (Beyond 3G). Los estudios realizados parten de la premisa de que el transmisor conoce (parcialmente) el estado del canal a la vez que se considera que la transmisión se realiza sobre un sistema de transmisión multiportadora con múltiple antenas en el transmisor y el receptor. La tesis se centra sobre dos líneas de investigación, la primera para casos de una única antena en cada lado del enlace, y la segunda en caso de múltiples antenas en cada lado. Para el caso de una única antena en el transmisor y en el receptor, se ha desarrollado un nuevo esquema de asignación de los recursos radio así como de priorización de los paquetes de datos (scheduling) integrando ambas funciones sobre una misma entidad (cross-layer). El esquema propuesto tiene como principal característica su bajo coste computacional a la vez que se puede aplicar en caso de transmisiones multimedia. Posteriores mejoras realizadas por el autor sobre el esquema propuesto han permitido también reducir los requisitos de señalización así como combinar de forma óptima usuarios de alta y baja movilidad. Por otro lado, en caso de enlaces con múltiples antenas en transmisión y recepción, se presenta un nuevo esquema de adaptación en el cual se combina la selección de la(s) antena(s) transmisora(s) con la selección del esquema de codificación espacio-(frecuencia-) tiempo. Para finalizar, se dan una serie de recomendaciones con el objetivo de combinar ambas líneas de investigación, así como un estado del arte de las técnicas propuestas por otros autores que combinan en parte la gestión de los recursos radio y los esquemas de transmisión con múltiples antenas.In Broadband Wireless Access systems the efficient use of the resources is crucial from many points of views. From the operator point of view, the bandwidth is a scarce, valuable, and expensive resource which must be exploited in an efficient manner while the Quality of Service (QoS) provided to the users is guaranteed. On the other hand, a tight delay and link quality constraints are imposed on each data flow hence the user experiences the same quality as in fixed networks. During the last few years many techniques have been developed in order to increase the spectral efficiency and the throughput. Among them, the use of multiple antennas at the transmitter and the receiver (exploiting spatial multiplexing) with the joint optimization of the medium access control layer and the physical layer parameters.In this Ph.D. thesis, different adaptive techniques for B3G multicarrier wireless systems are developed and proposed focusing on the SS-MC-MA and the OFDM(A) (IEEE 802.16a/e/m standards) communication schemes. The research lines emphasize into the adaptation of the transmission having (Partial) knowledge of the Channel State Information for both; single antenna and multiple antenna links. For single antenna links, the implementation of a joint resource allocation and scheduling strategy by including adaptive modulation and coding is investigated. A low complexity resource allocation and scheduling algorithm is proposed with the objective to cope with real- and/or non-real- time requirements and constraints. A special attention is also devoted in reducing the required signalling. However, for multiple antenna links, the performance of a proposed adaptive transmit antenna selection scheme jointly with space-time block coding selection is investigated and compared with conventional structures. In this research line, mainly two optimizations criteria are proposed for spatial link adaptation, one based on the minimum error rate for fixed throughput, and the second focused on the maximisation of the rate for fixed error rate. Finally, some indications are given on how to include the spatial adaptation into the investigated and proposed resource allocation and scheduling process developed for single antenna transmission

Software Defined Applications in Cellular and Optical Networks

abstract: Small wireless cells have the potential to overcome bottlenecks in wireless access through the sharing of spectrum resources. A novel access backhaul network architecture based on a Smart Gateway (Sm-GW) between the small cell base stations, e.g., LTE eNBs, and the conventional backhaul gateways, e.g., LTE Servicing/Packet Gateways (S/P-GWs) has been introduced to address the bottleneck. The Sm-GW flexibly schedules uplink transmissions for the eNBs. Based on software defined networking (SDN) a management mechanism that allows multiple operator to flexibly inter-operate via multiple Sm-GWs with a multitude of small cells has been proposed. This dissertation also comprehensively survey the studies that examine the SDN paradigm in optical networks. Along with the PHY functional split improvements, the performance of Distributed Converged Cable Access Platform (DCCAP) in the cable architectures especially for the Remote-PHY and Remote-MACPHY nodes has been evaluated. In the PHY functional split, in addition to the re-use of infrastructure with a common FFT module for multiple technologies, a novel cross functional split interaction to cache the repetitive QAM symbols across time at the remote node to reduce the transmission rate requirement of the fronthaul link has been proposed.Dissertation/ThesisDoctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 201

Modulation, Coding, and Receiver Design for Gigabit mmWave Communication

While wireless communication has become an ubiquitous part of our daily life and the world around us, it has not been able yet to deliver the multi-gigabit throughput required for applications like high-definition video transmission or cellular backhaul communication. The throughput limitation of current wireless systems is mainly the result of a shortage of spectrum and the problem of congestion. Recent advancements in circuit design allow the realization of analog frontends for mmWave frequencies between 30GHz and 300GHz, making abundant unused spectrum accessible. However, the transition to mmWave carrier frequencies and GHz bandwidths comes with new challenges for wireless receiver design. Large variations of the channel conditions and high symbol rates require flexible but power-efficient receiver designs. This thesis investigates receiver algorithms and architectures that enable multi-gigabit mmWave communication. Using a system-level approach, the design options between low-power time-domain and power-hungry frequency-domain signal processing are explored. The system discussion is started with an analysis of the problem of parameter synchronization in mmWave systems and its impact on system design. The proposed synchronization architecture extends known synchronization techniques to provide greater flexibility regarding the operating environments and for system efficiency optimization. For frequency-selective environments, versatile single-carrier frequency domain equalization (SC-FDE) offers not only excellent channel equalization, but also the possibility to integrate additional baseband tasks without overhead. Hence, the high initial complexity of SC-FDE needs to be put in perspective to the complexity savings in the other parts of the baseband. Furthermore, an extension to the SC-FDE architecture is proposed that allows an adaptation of the equalization complexity by switching between a cyclic-prefix mode and a reduced block length overlap-save mode based on the delay spread. Approaching the problem of complexity adaptation from time-domain, a high-speed hardware architecture for the delayed decision feedback sequence estimation (DDFSE) algorithm is presented. DDFSE uses decision feedback to reduce the complexity of the sequence estimation and allows to set the system performance between the performance of full maximum-likelihood detection and pure decision feedback equalization. An implementation of the DDFSE architecture is demonstrated as part of an all-digital IEEE802.11ad baseband ASIC manufactured in 40nm CMOS. A flexible architecture for wideband mmWave receivers based on complex sub-sampling is presented. Complex sub-sampling combines the design advantages of sub-sampling receivers with the flexibility of direct-conversion receivers using a single passive component and a digital compensation scheme. Feasibility of the architecture is proven with a 16Gb/s hardware demonstrator. The demonstrator is used to explore the potential gain of non-equidistant constellations for high-throughput mmWave links. Specifically crafted amplitude phase-shift keying (APSK) modulation achieve 1dB average mutual information (AMI) advantage over quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) in simulation and on the testbed hardware. The AMI advantage of APSK can be leveraged for a practical transmission using Polar codes which are trained specifically for the constellation

Third International Symposium on Space Mission Operations and Ground Data Systems, part 1

Under the theme of 'Opportunities in Ground Data Systems for High Efficiency Operations of Space Missions,' the SpaceOps '94 symposium included presentations of more than 150 technical papers spanning five topic areas: Mission Management, Operations, Data Management, System Development, and Systems Engineering. The papers focus on improvements in the efficiency, effectiveness, productivity, and quality of data acquisition, ground systems, and mission operations. New technology, techniques, methods, and human systems are discussed. Accomplishments are also reported in the application of information systems to improve data retrieval, reporting, and archiving; the management of human factors; the use of telescience and teleoperations; and the design and implementation of logistics support for mission operations