214,029 research outputs found
Doping
Since centuries ago, man has
always tried to find ways to
improve human performance whilst
suffering less in doing so. People who
were thought to be the best were
preferentially fed better diets and given
treatments that were considered to be
beneficial to their performance.peer-reviewe
The spirit of sport: the case for criminalisation of doping in the UK
This article examines public perceptions of doping in sport, critically evaluates the effectiveness of current anti-doping sanctions and proposes the criminalisation of doping in sport in the UK as part of a growing global movement towards such criminalisation at national level. Criminalising doping is advanced on two main grounds: as a stigmatic deterrent and as a form of retributive punishment enforced through the criminal justice system. The âspirit of sportâ defined by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) as being based on the values of ethics, health and fair-play is identified as being undermined by the ineffectiveness of existing anti-doping policy in the current climate of doping revelations, and is assessed as relevant to public perceptions and the future of sport as a whole. The harm-reductionist approach permitting the use of certain performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) is considered as an alternative to anti-doping, taking into account athlete psychology, the problems encountered in containing doping in sport through anti-doping measures and the effect of these difficulties on the âspirit of sportâ. This approach is dismissed in favour of criminalising doping in sport based on the offence of fraud. It will be argued that the criminalisation of doping could act as a greater deterrent than existing sanctions imposed by International Federations, and, when used in conjunction with those sanctions, will raise the overall âpriceâ of doping. The revelations of corruption within the existing system of self-governance within sport have contributed to a disbelieving public and it will be argued that the criminalisation of doping in sport could assist in satisfying the public that justice is being done and in turn achieve greater belief in the truth of athletic performances
Capturing doping attitudes by self-report declarations and implicit assessment: a methodology study
BACKGROUND: Understanding athletes' attitudes and behavioural intentions towards performance enhancement is critical to informing anti-doping intervention strategies. Capturing the complexity of these attitudes beyond verbal declarations requires indirect methods. This pilot study was aimed at developing and validating a method to assess implicit doping attitudes using an Implicit Associations Test (IAT) approach. METHODS: The conventional IAT evaluation task (categorising 'good' and 'bad' words) was combined with a novel 'doping' versus 'nutrition supplements' category pair to create a performance-enhancement related IAT protocol (PE-IAT). The difference between average response times to 'good-doping' and 'bad-doping' combinations represents an estimate of implicit attitude towards doping in relation to nutritional supplements. 111 sports and exercise science undergraduates completed the PE-IAT, the Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS) and answered questions regarding their beliefs about doping. RESULTS: Longer response times were observed in the mixed category discrimination trials where categories 'good' and 'doping' shared the same response key (compared to 'bad-doping' combination on the same key) indicating a less favourable evaluation of doping substances. The PE-IAT measure did not correlate significantly with the declared doping attitudes (r = .181, p = .142), indicating a predictable partial dissociation. Action-oriented self-report expressed stronger associations with PE-IAT: participants who declared they would consider using doping showed significantly less implicit negativity towards banned substances (U = 109.00, p = .047). Similarly, those who reported more lenient explicit attitudes towards doping or expressly supported legalizing it, showed less implicit negativity towards doping in the sample, although neither observed differences reached statistical significance (t = 1.300, p = .198, and U = 231.00, p = .319, respectively). Known-group validation strategy yielded mixed results: while competitive sport participants scored significantly lower than non-competitive ones on the PEAS (t = -2.71, p = .008), the two groups did not differ on PE-IAT (t = -.093, p = .926). CONCLUSION: The results suggest a potential of the PE-IAT method to capture undeclared attitudes to doping and predict behaviour, which can support targeted anti-doping intervention and related research. The initial evidence of validity is promising but also indicates a need for improvement to the protocol and stimulus material
Toward a better understanding of the doping mechanism involved in Mo(tfd-COCF doped PBDTTT-c
In this study, we aim to improve our understanding of the doping mechanism
involved in the polymer PBDTTT-c doped with(Mo(tfd-COCF3)3. We follow the
evolution of the hole density with dopant concentration to highlight the limits
of organic semiconductor doping. To enable the use of doping to enhance the
performance of organic electronic devices, doping efficiency must be understood
and improved. We report here a study using complementary optical and electrical
characterization techniques, which sheds some light on the origin of this
limited doping efficiency at high dopant concentration. Two doping mechanisms
are considered, the direct charge transfer (DCT) and the charge transfer
complex (CTC). We discuss the validity of the model involved as well as its
impact on the doping efficiency.Comment: Accepted manuscript, J. Appl. Phy
Doping in Contest-Like Situations
Individuals who compete in a contest-like situation (for example, in sports, in promotion tournaments, or in an appointment contest) may have an incentive to illegally utilize resources in order to improve their relative positions. We analyze such doping within a tournament game between two heterogeneous players. Three major effects are identified which determine a playerâs doping decision â a cost effect, a likelihood effect and a windfall-profit effect. Moreover, we discuss whether the favorite or the underdog is more likely to be doped, the impact of doping on overall performance, the influence of increased heterogeneity on doping, the welfare implications of doping, and possible prevention of doping
Isotopic effects on the thermal conductivity of graphene nanoribbons: localization mechanism
Thermal conductivity of graphene nanoribbons (GNR) with length 106~{\AA} and
width 4.92~{\AA} after isotopic doping is investigated by molecular dynamics
with quantum correction. Two interesting phenomena are found: (1) isotopic
doping reduces thermal conductivity effectively in low doping region, and the
reduction slows down in high doping region; (2) thermal conductivity increases
with increasing temperature in both pure and doped GNR; but the increasing
behavior is much more slowly in the doped GNR than that in pure ones. Further
studies reveal that the physics of these two phenomena is related to the
localized phonon modes, whose number increases quickly (slowly) with increasing
isotopic doping in low (high) isotopic doping region.Comment: 6 fig
Fast electrochemical doping due to front instability in organic semiconductors
The electrochemical doping transformation in organic semiconductor devices is
studied in application to light-emitting cells. It is shown that the device
performance can be significantly improved by utilizing new fundamental
properties of the doping process. We obtain an instability, which distorts the
doping fronts and increases the doping rate considerably. We explain the
physical mechanism of the instability, develop theory, provide experimental
evidence, and perform numerical simulations. We further show how improved
device design can amplify the instability thus leading to a much faster doping
process and device kinetics.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
Study on Doping Prevention: A map of Legal, Regulatory and Prevention Practice Provisions in EU 28
Historically, anti-doping efforts have focused on the detection and deterrence of doping in elite and competitive sport. There is, however, a growing concern that doping is occurring outside the organised sporting system; giving rise to the belief that the misuse of doping agents in recreational sport has become a societal problem and a public health issue that must be addressed. The EU Commission awarded a contract (EAC/2013/0617) to a Consortium to undertake this Study with the aim of developing the evidence-base for policies designed to combat doping in recreational sport. Fourteen internationally recognised experts shaped the Study which comprised (i) the collection of primary data through a structured survey, and (ii) secondary data through literature searches and website analysis. All 28 Member States participated in the information-gathering process. Specifically, this involved a systematic study of the ethical considerations, legal position, prevention research landscape, and current practise in relation to the prevention of doping in recreational sport. The Study provides a comprehensive overview of current practice and legislation as it applies to the prevention of doping and promotes and supports the sharing of best practices in the EU regarding the fight against doping in recreational sport. It concludes with seven recommendations for future action that focus on the need for a coordinated response in relation to the problems arising from doping in recreational sport
Mechanisms of doping graphene
We distinguish three mechanisms of doping graphene. Density functional theory
is used to show that electronegative molecule like F4-TCNQ and electropositive
metals like K dope graphene p- and n-type respectively. These dopants are
expected to lead to a decrease in carrier mobility arising from Coulomb
scattering but without any hysteresis effects. Secondly, a novel doping
mechanism is exhibited by Au which dopes bilayer graphene but not single layer.
Thirdly, electrochemical doping is effected by redox reactions and can result
in p-doping by humid atmospheres and n-doping by NH3 and toluene.Comment: submitted to Physica Status Solid
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