Fabrication of layers based on printed Indium-Tin-Oxide and their application to Hazard and Noxious Substance sensor

A sensor is a device that converts physical or chemical states of a matter into an electrical signal. Sensor technology can be described as a technology that expands a human sense to a machine. And those information are used valuably in accord with present IT technology. Sensor technology clearly reveals a tendency of miniaturization, integration, intellectualization, and systematization etc. Furthermore, it has been used extensively from our daily life to marine or space exploration. However, At the field of application, sensor technology should be improved in many aspects. Moreover, I felt the need to develop environmentally friendly and Low-power sensor is growing. Also, Introduction of new technology is required to take of suitable material in harsh environments. And reliability is inevitable. In this thesis, I have researched a new hazardous and noxious substances sensor to apply for offshore plants and seacoast. I considered that higher sensitivity and stability could be acquired by using chemically stable metal oxides. Especially, metal oxide nano particles will be suitable since it provides wide contact surface. In addition, I suggested a print coating technology to fabricate the sensors. Using this method, I have demonstrated the hazardous and noxious substances sensor, and verified the feasibility of the sensors at harsh environments. In the chapter 1, I described the sensor technology, physical properties of ITO, the importance of hazardous and noxious substances sensor, and the purpose of this dissertation. In the chapter 2, I described the detail of experiment. A printing technology and the fabrication method were described. It is also described the analysis methods used in this research. In the chapter 3, I optimized a printing method by printing process conditions , surface treatment and ITO films. In the chapter 4, I suggested a hazardous and noxious substances sensor using the ITO layer. The sensor was operated at room temperature without additional heating. Also, we observed the ITO sensing properties under wide pH ranges. In the chapter 5, I verified the reliability of the fabricated ITO sensor, it was carried out discussion of change and its cause of properties. Finally, all results were summarized and concluded in the chapter 6.센서는 대상물의 물리 또는 화학적 신호를 전기적인 신호로 대신하거나, 변형시키는 소자이며, 센서기술은 기계장치에 감각기능을 부여하는 기술로 인간의 감각기능을 확장하는 기술이다. 이러한 정보는 현재의 정보통신 기술과 맞물려 유용하게 사용되고 있다. 센서기술은 집적화, 지능화, 시스템화, 소형화 등의 경향이 나타나고 있다. 또한 가정에서부터 산업현장, 해양 및 우주탐사에 이르기 까지 광범위하게 활용되고 있다. 하지만 센서의 보다 폭넓은 활용을 위해서 개선되어야 할 점도 다수 존재한다. 센서의 응용의 관점에서는 집적화, 저전력, 친환경적인 센서의 중요성이 더해가는 상황이다. 이를 위해서는 센서의 신뢰성을 확보하고, 센서의 사용 환경에 알맞은 물질을 활용하는 새로운 기술의 도입이 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 위험유해물질 집적센서의 개발을 위하여 안정된 센서 재료의 선택과 경제적인 제작방법의 검토, 이를 통한 센서 제작 및 성능의 검증에 관하여 연구하였다. 우선 화학적으로 안정적인 금속 산화물 중 나노 입자를 활용하여 접촉 면적을 넓힘으로써 높은 감도와 안정성을 확보할 수 있다고 판단하였다. 또한 금속 산화물 나노 입자를 이용하여 센서를 제작하기 위하여 인쇄공학적 접근법을 제안하였다. 이를 통하여 제작된 센서의 감지 성능과 사용할 환경에 대한 내구성 및 신뢰성에 대하여 검토하여 특수한 환경에서 신호를 검출할 수 있는 센서를 구현하였다. 특히 해양플랜트에서 활용될 수 있는 위험유해물질 센서를 구현할 목적으로 별도의 히터작동 없이 상온에서 폭발성 물질을 검출할 수 있는 기능을 구현하기 위한 감도의 향상과 해양이라는 특수한 환경에서의 신뢰성 있는 신호를 발생시키고 유지하기 위한 방법을 연구하였다. 제1장은 센서기술에 대한 기본적인 내용과 ITO의 물성, 그리고 위험유해물질 센서의 중요성 및 본 연구의 목적에 대하여 설명하였다. 제2장에서는 실험방법 부분으로서, 인쇄공학기술 및 인쇄공학기술을 이용한 ITO박막제작 방법에 대해 서술하고, 본 연구에 사용된 특성 분석 기술에 대해 설명하였다. 제3장에서는 인쇄공학기술로 제작된 ITO 센서의 특성을 개선시키기 위한 최적화에 대하여 고찰하였고, 이를 적용한 인쇄된 ITO 박막의 물성평가 결과에 대해 설명하였다. 제4장에서는 제작된 ITO의 실온에서의 위험유해물질에 대한 센서 성능과 응용에 관하여 고찰하였다. 제5장에서는 제작된 ITO의 신뢰성 및 특성 변화 와 그 원인에 대한 고찰 결과를 설명하였다. 마지막으로 제6장에서는 본 연구에서 얻은 결과를 정리하여 요약 및 결론에 대하여 기술하여, 본 연구에서 목적한 안정성이 높은 위험유해물질 센서를 구현하였으며, 경제적인 방법으로 센서를 제작할 수 있음과, 이러한 센서를 통하여 신뢰성 있는 신호를 발생할 수 있음을 입증하였다.1. Introduction 1.1 Sensor technology 1 1.2 Sensor technology application 3 1.2.1 Necessity of Hazardous and Noxious Substances sensor 3 1.2.2 Current state of HNS sensing technology 4 1.3 Metal oxide based sensor 5 1.4 Properties of ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) 7 1.5 Proposal and purpose of this study 14 Reference 15 2. Experimental methods 2.1 Film printing method 18 2.2 ITO layer printing 21 2.3 Characterization Methods 23 2.3.1 Optimization of ITO layer 23 2.3.2 Surface and material properties of printed layers 27 2.3.3 Sensor performances 39 Reference 41 3. Characteristics of ITO film by printing coat method 3.1 Material properties of the ITO 43 3.2 Optimization of the printed ITO layer manufacturing method 45 3.2.1 Determination of printing patterns 45 3.2.2 Transfer ratio of the ITO layer 48 3.3 Properties of the printed ITO layer 50 3.3.1 Shape control 50 3.3.2 Electrical properties 52 3.3.3 Optical properties 54 3.4 Conclusion 56 Reference 57 4. HNS sensor based on printed ITO layer 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 Experiment details 60 4.3 Sensor properties 61 4.4 Sensor mechanisms 63 4.5 Conclusion 65 Reference 66 5. Characteristic evaluation of ITO sensor 5.1 Introduction 67 5.2 Experiment details 67 5.3 Reliability of the sensor 68 5.3.1 Dynamic characteristics of ITO sensor 68 5.3.2 Robustness tests of ITO sensor 70 5.3.3 Selectivity of ITO sensor 73 5.4 Conclusion 75 Reference 76 6. Conclusion 77 Resume 78 Acknowledgement 8

Comparing farm and village-level determinants of millet diversity in marginal environments of India: the context of seed systems

"The purpose of the research paper is to characterize biological diversity related to millets in the semi-arid regions of India at various spatial scales of analysis (e.g., farm household versus community levels) and place that evidence in a broader seed systems (includes both formal and informal) context. An important finding of this research is that producer access to millet genetic resources is affected by the extent to which seed is traded via formal markets or through other social institutions, along with farm and household characteristics. Findings also underscore the need for an enhanced theoretical understanding of local seed markets in analyzing crop variety choices and the diversity of materials grown in less favored environments." Authors' AbstractCrop diversity, Seed systems, Biological diversity,

Differential responses of rabbit ventricular and atrial transient outward current (Ito) to the Ito modulator NS5806

Transient outward potassium current (I(to)) in the heart underlies phase 1 repolarization of cardiac action potentials and thereby affects excitation–contraction coupling. Small molecule activators of I(to) may therefore offer novel treatments for cardiac dysfunction, including heart failure and atrial fibrillation. NS5806 has been identified as a prototypic activator of canine I(to). This study investigated, for the first time, actions of NS5806 on rabbit atrial and ventricular I(to). Whole cell patch‐clamp recordings of I(to) and action potentials were made at physiological temperature from rabbit ventricular and atrial myocytes. 10 μmol/L NS5806 increased ventricular I(to) with a leftward shift in I(to) activation and accelerated restitution. At higher concentrations, stimulation of I(to) was followed by inhibition. The EC (50) for stimulation was 1.6 μmol/L and inhibition had an IC (50) of 40.7 μmol/L. NS5806 only inhibited atrial I(to) (IC (50) of 18 μmol/L) and produced a modest leftward shifts in I(to) activation and inactivation, without an effect on restitution. 10 μmol/L NS5806 shortened ventricular action potential duration (APD) at APD (20)‐APD (90) but prolonged atrial APD. NS5806 also reduced atrial AP upstroke and amplitude, consistent with an additional atrio‐selective effect on Na(+) channels. In contrast to NS5806, flecainide, which discriminates between Kv1.4 and 4.x channels, produced similar levels of inhibition of ventricular and atrial I(to). NS5806 discriminates between rabbit ventricular and atrial I(to,) with mixed activator and inhibitor actions on the former and inhibitor actions against the later. NS5806 may be of significant value for pharmacological interrogation of regional differences in native cardiac I(to)

The impact of personality trait on the relationship of emotional intelligence and self-esteem

Fundamental science of psychology often rooted in diversity theory that touching reality of human and humanity. Theoretical solution alone may not be able to unlock the psychological issues because it is closely related to affective, cognitive and human behaviour in the workplace. In this study, the issues in the workplace are referring to personality, emotional intelligence and self-esteem of employees. The specific purpose of this study was to test the effect of extraversion personality as a moderator towards the relationship of emotional intelligence and self-esteem of employees. A total of 196 civil servants in the Local Authority (LA) have been selected as respondents. Measurement tools that used is Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised Short Form (EPQR-S), Emotional Intelligence Self-Description Inventory (EISDI), and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). The data was analysed by using the hierarchical regression analysis. The finding shows that the two hypotheses are accepted. From this analysis as well, there was a moderating effect of extraversion personality on the relationship between emotional intelligence (perception and appraisal of emotion, and understanding emotions) with self-esteem of employees. The most important finding shows that extraversion personality serves as moderator when the relationship between emotional intelligence and self-esteem are enhanced if extraversion were on a high level. This is compared with the low levels of extraversion personality that causing on relationship of emotional intelligence with self-esteem more weaker

The impact of personality trait on the relationship of emotional intelligence and self-esteem

Fundamental science of psychology often rooted in diversity theory that touching reality of human and humanity. Theoretical solution alone may not be able to unlock the psychological issues because it is closely related to affective, cognitive and human behaviour in the workplace. In this study, the issues in the workplace are referring to personality, emotional intelligence and self-esteem of employees. The specific purpose of this study was to test the effect of extraversion personality as a moderator towards the relationship of emotional intelligence and self-esteem of employees. A total of 196 civil servants in the Local Authority (LA) have been selected as respondents. Measurement tools that used is Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised Short Form (EPQR-S), Emotional Intelligence Self-Description Inventory (EISDI), and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). The data was analysed by using the hierarchical regression analysis. The finding shows that the two hypotheses are accepted. From this analysis as well, there was a moderating effect of extraversion personality on the relationship between emotional intelligence (perception and appraisal of emotion, and understanding emotions) with self-esteem of employees. The most important finding shows that extraversion personality serves as moderator when the relationship between emotional intelligence and self-esteem are enhanced if extraversion were on a high level. This is compared with the low levels of extraversion personality that causing on relationship of emotional intelligence with self-esteem more weaker

Species Abundance Patterns in Complex Evolutionary Dynamics

An analytic theory of species abundance patterns (SAPs) in biological networks is presented. The theory is based on multispecies replicator dynamics equivalent to the Lotka-Volterra equation, with diverse interspecies interactions. Various SAPs observed in nature are derived from a single parameter. The abundance distribution is formed like a widely observed left-skewed lognormal distribution. As the model has a general form, the result can be applied to similar patterns in other complex biological networks, e.g. gene expression.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures. Physical Review Letters, in pres

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TRANSACTION COST ECONOMICS AND INDUSTRY MATURITY IN IT OUTSOURCING: A META-ANALYSIS OF CONTRACT TYPE CHOICE

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The intestinal microbiota plays important roles in digestion and resistance against entero-pathogens. As with other ecosystems, its species composition is resilient against small disturbances but strong perturbations such as antibiotics can affect the consortium dramatically. Antibiotic cessation does not necessarily restore pre-treatment conditions and disturbed microbiota are often susceptible to pathogen invasion. Here we propose a mathematical model to explain how antibiotic-mediated switches in the microbiota composition can result from simple social interactions between antibiotic-tolerant and antibiotic-sensitive bacterial groups. We build a two-species (e.g. two functional-groups) model and identify regions of domination by antibiotic-sensitive or antibiotic-tolerant bacteria, as well as a region of multistability where domination by either group is possible. Using a new framework that we derived from statistical physics, we calculate the duration of each microbiota composition state. This is shown to depend on the balance between random fluctuations in the bacterial densities and the strength of microbial interactions. The singular value decomposition of recent metagenomic data confirms our assumption of grouping microbes as antibiotic-tolerant or antibiotic-sensitive in response to a single antibiotic. Our methodology can be extended to multiple bacterial groups and thus it provides an ecological formalism to help interpret the present surge in microbiome data.Comment: 20 pages, 5 figures accepted for publication in Plos Comp Bio. Supplementary video and information availabl