Harmonisen ja perkussiivisen äänen erottelumenetelmä ja sen sovelluskohteet

Harmonisen ja perkussiivisen äänen erottelumenetelmällä jokin musikaaliseksi signaaliksi mielletty pyritään jakamaan sen harmoniseen ja perkussiiviseen komponenttiin. Harmonisen signaalin tulisi sisältää vain melodiset soivat äänet, kuten laulut, huilut, torvet ja viulut. Perkussiivisen signaalin taas tulisi sisältää erilaiset perkussiot kuten rummut. Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan mihin HPSS-menetelmä perustuu ja minkälaisien ongelmien ratkaisuun sitä on käytetty. Tavoitteena on myös selvittää, onko HPSS-menetelmää mahdollista käyttää reaaliaikaisesti äänen käsittelyyn ja osana niin sanotun ”sampler-instrumentin” toiminnallisuutta. HPSS-menetelmän kannalta oleellisia työkaluja ovat erilaiset Fourier-muunnokset ja spektogrammi. Fourier-muunnoksen avulla äänidata saadaan siirrettyä aikatasolta spektri-tasolle, joka on tarpeellista, jos halutaan saada tietoa äänen sisältämistä taajuuksista. Spektogrammi voidaan ajatella olevan äänen visuaalinen esitys. Spektogrammin avulla voidaan tarkastella millaisia perkussiivisia ja harmonisia ominaisuuksia äänisignaalilla on ja soveltaa monia kuvankäsittelystä tuttuja algoritmeja kuten mediaanisuodatinta äänidataan. Fourier-muunnoksesta käydään läpi sen diskreetin esityksen periaatteet ja spektogrammi käydään läpi yleisellä tasolla. HPSS-menetelmästä esitetään yksi mahdollinen toteutus, jossa signaalin harmoninen ja perkussiivinen signaali erotellaan toisistaan mediaanisuodattimien ja binäärimaskien avulla. Tutkimus ei suoraan osoita, että reaaliaikainen äänenkäsittely on mahdollista, mutta viittaa siihen. Mediaanisuodattaminen ja STFT-muunnoksen (Short-Time Fourier Transform) käyttö harmonisen ja perkussiivisen signaalin erottelussa, vaikuttaisi olevan yksi tehokkaimmista vaihtoehdoista. Vaikka reaaliaikainen äänen käsittely ei olisikaan mahdollista, harmonisen ja perkussiivisen äänen erottelumenetelmää voisi käyttää osana ”sampler-instrumentin” toiminnallisuutta

New Developments in Renewable Energy

Renewable energy is defined as the energy which naturally occurs, covers a number of sources and technologies at different stages, and is theoretically inexhaustible. Renewable energy sources such as those who are generated from sun or wind are the most readily-available and possible solutions to address the challenge of growing energy demands in the world. Newer and environmentally friendly technologies are able to provide different social and environmental benefits such as employment and decent environment. Renewable energy technologies are crucial contributors to world energy security, reduce reliance on fossil fuels, and provide opportunities for mitigating greenhouse gases. International public opinion indicates that there is strong support for a variety of methods for solving energy supply problems, one of which is utilizing renewable energy sources. In recent years, countries realized that that the renewable energy and its sector are key components for greener economies

Research on Teaching and Learning In Biology, Chemistry and Physics In ESERA 2013 Conference

This paper provides an overview of the topics in educational research that were published in the ESERA 2013 conference proceedings. The aim of the research was to identify what aspects of the teacher-student-content interaction were investigated frequently and what have been studied rarely. We used the categorization system developed by Kinnunen, Lampiselkä, Malmi and Meisalo (2016) and altogether 184 articles were analyzed. The analysis focused on secondary and tertiary level biology, chemistry, physics, and science education. The results showed that most of the studies focus on either the teacher’s pedagogical actions or on the student - content relationship. All other aspects were studied considerably less. For example, the teachers’ thoughts about the students’ perceptions and attitudes towards the goals and the content, and the teachers’ conceptions of the students’ actions towards achieving the goals were studied only rarely. Discussion about the scope and the coverage of the research in science education in Europe is needed.Peer reviewe

2019-2020, University of Memphis bulletin

University of Memphis bulletin containing the undergraduate catalog for 2019-2020.https://digitalcommons.memphis.edu/speccoll-ua-pub-bulletins/1459/thumbnail.jp

2007-2008, University of Memphis bulletin

University of Memphis bulletin containing the undergraduate catalog for 2007-2008.https://digitalcommons.memphis.edu/speccoll-ua-pub-bulletins/1448/thumbnail.jp

2006-2007, University of Memphis bulletin

University of Memphis bulletin containing the undergraduate catalog for 2006-2007.https://digitalcommons.memphis.edu/speccoll-ua-pub-bulletins/1447/thumbnail.jp

Data bases and data base systems related to NASA's aerospace program. A bibliography with indexes

This bibliography lists 1778 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system, 1975 through 1980

Housing quality and lost (public) space in Croatia

IN ENGLISH: In the post-socialist period and within the current social transition context, urban and rural Croatia has, just like other transition countries, experienced many changes in the social structure and space. One example is the housing quality which is a replica of the situation in the Croatian society and has also undergone some major changes. Socially oriented housing construction co-financed by the state and the cities is in an unfavourable position compared to private housing construction. In the last twenty years the amount of the social housing construction has been only a minor part of the total contruction work in the country. For instance, out of nine newly planned residential housing developments in Zagreb, the capital city, only three have been completed and the work on the rest of them has stopped and is unlikely to continue. Private construction work prevails especially on the edge of the city and is characterised by high density housing. This type of housing construction doesn't benefit the majority of citizens in search of accommodation (price per square meter is too high, low-quality building). There is also a big problem of the community facilities (primary and secondary infrastructure, schools, kindergartens, playgrounds, green areas, sidewalks, public transport etc.). The existing globalisation-transition circumstances of the Croatian society corroborate the fact which experts of various profiles often point out: ignoring the process of (urban) planning will irreparably damage the space. The city transformation shows the absence of comprehensive urban planning which results in an ever increasing number of random buildings which do not fit in the surroundings. This leads up to yet another important issue – the shrinking and, in some cases, disappearance of public space which becomes the “lost space“. In recent years there has been a lot of building in the city core and on the edge which does not quite fit in the existing urban structure, image or the skyline of the city. The current situation in the process of planning can be characterized as a conflict and imbalance between the powerful actors (mostly political and economic) and less powerful actors (mostly professional and civil). The actors who have the political power and influence and the ones who possess the capital are forming an “alliance” between two important layers of the social structure. The lack of civil and professional actors, “lost spatial actors”, and therefore of civic aggregation is also present and that is also the cause of public space “disappearance” and undermined process of public participation. --------------- IN CROATIAN: U postsocijalističkom razdoblju i trenutnom tranzicijskom kontekstu urbana i ruralna Hrvatska su, kao i ostale tranzicijske zemlje, doživjele mnoge promjene u društvenoj strukturi i samom prostoru. Na primjeru kvalitete stanovanja kao replike stanja u hrvatskom društvu mogu se vidjeti značajne promjene. Društveno usmjerena stambena izgradnja sufinancirana od strane države i gradova je stoga rjeđa i u nepovoljnijoj je situaciji prema privatnoj stanogradnji. Zadnjih dvadeset godina udjel socijalne stambene gradnje je zanemariv u ukupnoj izgradnji na razini zemlje. Primjerice, od devet planiranih stambenih naselja izgrađenih po modelu POS-a u Zagrebu samo su tri i završena. Na ostalima je proces gradnje zastao i ne čini se da će se privesti kraju. Privatna je gradnje prisutnija, posebno na rubovima grada, a obilježava je visoka gustoća gradnje. Ovakav tip gradnje ne odgovara većini stanovnika koji su u procesu potražnje stambene nekretnine (visoka cijena kvadratnog metra, a slaba kvaliteta gradnje). Postoji također i problem nedostatne opremljenosti susjedstva (primarna i sekundarna infrastruktura, škole, vrtići, igrališta, zelene površine, pješačke staze, javni transport itd.). Navedene globalizacijsko-tranzicijske okolnosti hrvatskog društva potvrđuju ono što eksperti različitih profila ističu, a to je da će ignoriranje procesa (urbanog) planiranja nepovratno uništiti prostor gradova. Ovakve transformacije pokazuju nedostatak sustavnog urbanog planiranja što rezultira sve većim brojem zgrada koje se ne uklapaju u neposrednu okolinu. To nadalje dovodi do drugog važnog aspekta – smanjivanja i u nekim slučajevima, nestanka javnog prostora koji postaje „izgubljeni prostor“. Posljednjih je godina izgrađen velik broj zgrada, i u središtu i na rubovima grada, koje se ne uklapaju u postojeću urbanu strukturu, izgled ili vizuru grada. Ovakvu situaciju obilježavaju sukob i neravnoteža između moćnijih društvenih aktera (većinom političkih i ekonomskih) i onih manje moćnih (većinom profesionalnih i civilnih). Politički i ekonomski akteri se često povezuju u „savez“ dvaju najjačih u društvenoj strukturi. S druge strane nedostatak utjecaja civilnih i profesionalnih aktera kao „izgubljenih prostornih aktera“ dovodi do „nestanka“ javnih prostora te smanjenja važnosti procesa participacije (sudjelovanja javnosti)