Impresión 3D para la construcción: un enfoque basado en el procedimiento y los materiales

3D printing for construction is stagnated at an early stage of development, especially regarding material optimization and procedural issues. These limitations are due to the specific knowledge that these technologies imply, the total cost of the machinery involved, and the lack of clear procedural guidelines. This paper presents a methodology that aims at overcoming these limitations through a workflow that allows for the ease of use of 6-axis robotic arms. A technique for the optimization of material usage is presented. A test case that shows the integration the design-to-fabrication process combining Integrated Robotic Systems (IRS) and Additive Layer Manufacturing (ALM) techniques is discussed. A structure-based approach to material optimization and smart infill patterning is introduced. A 0.4 x 0.4 x 1.5 m test part is shown as technological demonstrator.Las aplicaciones de impresión 3D para construcción se encuentran en una fase inicial de desarrollo, tanto en lo referente a materiales y piezas como a procedimientos. Dichas limitaciones se deben a la especificidad del sector, el coste de la maquinaria necesaria y una ausencia de un patrón procedimental característico. El artículo presenta una metodología innovadora para superar estas limitaciones mediante un flujo de trabajo sencillo que permita el uso generalista de brazos robóticos mediante software integrativo y un uso de materiales optimizado. Asimismo se expone la integración de diseño y fabricación combinando Sistemas de Integración Robótica y técnicas de Fabricación por Deposición. Finalmente se muestra un modelo de optimización de material y patrones de relleno inteligentes. Se expone una pieza real de 0,4 x 0,4 x 1,5 metros como demostrador tecnológico de gran escala

Design and Management of Manufacturing Systems

Although the design and management of manufacturing systems have been explored in the literature for many years now, they still remain topical problems in the current scientific research. The changing market trends, globalization, the constant pressure to reduce production costs, and technical and technological progress make it necessary to search for new manufacturing methods and ways of organizing them, and to modify manufacturing system design paradigms. This book presents current research in different areas connected with the design and management of manufacturing systems and covers such subject areas as: methods supporting the design of manufacturing systems, methods of improving maintenance processes in companies, the design and improvement of manufacturing processes, the control of production processes in modern manufacturing systems production methods and techniques used in modern manufacturing systems and environmental aspects of production and their impact on the design and management of manufacturing systems. The wide range of research findings reported in this book confirms that the design of manufacturing systems is a complex problem and that the achievement of goals set for modern manufacturing systems requires interdisciplinary knowledge and the simultaneous design of the product, process and system, as well as the knowledge of modern manufacturing and organizational methods and techniques

Regulation of Trade in 3D Printed Goods and WTO Modernization: An Opportunity for New Preferential Rules of Origin

Rules of origin are key legal tools for international trade. While they can pose a puzzle for trade analysts and traders to comprehend, they are not just technical elements of trade. It is important to understand how they function as rules can be utilized by states as non-tariff barriers to trade. This dissertation focuses on preferential rules of origin, which determine if a good receives preferential tariff treatment under a regional or bilateral trade agreement. WTO Members must follow the Common Declaration with Regard to Preferential Rules of Origin, an annex to the Agreement on Rules of Origin. This instrument gives Members sovereignty in designing rules. Prior to and since the formation of the WTO, Members have designed rules that traders find restrictive, especially for trade in inputs. As goods are constructed with parts sourced in global value chains, traders must verify the origin of each part to obtain preferential tariff treatment under an agreement. While digital technology facilitates access to information on rules of origin, traders must still understand and comply with national and regional custom procedures. Digital technology also is the basis for advanced manufacturing, which replaces or complements human labor with digitally based manufacturing techniques, such as additive manufacturing (3D printing). Traders looking to 3D printing to shorten global value chains and reshore manufacturing may face challenges when determining the origin of a 3D printed product, as current rules in trade instruments are based on human-labor manufacturing. Trade analysts have begun to explore rules of origin in the context of 3D printing, including whether the 3D file should be an origin-conferring input. This dissertation takes up these initial assessments and examines the potential outcomes of applying current rules to advanced manufactured goods (which are produced in developed and developing countries) or designing new rules. This investigation requires an exploration of the connections between digital trade and customs duties, the role of state sovereignty in a digital trade environment, and the impact of “deep” policy provisions in agreements on trade of advanced products. Using doctrinal, qualitative, and interdisciplinary research, this dissertation presents the rules under WTO law, the main criteria for determining the origin of a good, legal and economic critiques of preferential rules of origin, rules in the context of services and digital trade, the challenges of applying the origin criteria to 3D printed goods, and recommendations for designing rules for advanced manufactured products and for making rules more trader-friendly. Looking at preferential rules of origin in the context of 3D printing allows us to experiment with modernizing rules to support trade in a digital environment. Identifying aspects of the design and administration of rules where there is a risk for protectionist intervention or a risk of generating more confusion for traders leads us to question how the trade law system should regulate such rules. These considerations also tie into some of the challenges international institutions, especially the WTO, face at this moment: what role should multilateralism play in forming a framework for trade and how can organizations modernize along with technological changes

Autonomous Navigation of Automated Guided Vehicle Using Monocular Camera

This paper presents a hybrid control algorithm for Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV) consisting of two independent control loops: Position Based Control (PBC) for global navigation within manufacturing environment and Image Based Visual Servoing (IBVS) for fine motions needed for accurate steering towards loading/unloading point. The proposed hybrid control separates the initial transportation task into global navigation towards the goal point, and fine motion from the goal point to the loading/unloading point. In this manner, the need for artificial landmarks or accurate map of the environment is bypassed. Initial experimental results show the usefulness of the proposed approach.COBISS.SR-ID 27383808

Optimization of Operation Sequencing in CAPP Using Hybrid Genetic Algorithm and Simulated Annealing Approach

In any CAPP system, one of the most important process planning functions is selection of the operations and corresponding machines in order to generate the optimal operation sequence. In this paper, the hybrid GA-SA algorithm is used to solve this combinatorial optimization NP (Non-deterministic Polynomial) problem. The network representation is adopted to describe operation and sequencing flexibility in process planning and the mathematical model for process planning is described with the objective of minimizing the production time. Experimental results show effectiveness of the hybrid algorithm that, in comparison with the GA and SA standalone algorithms, gives optimal operation sequence with lesser computational time and lesser number of iterations

Optimization of Operation Sequencing in CAPP Using Hybrid Genetic Algorithm and Simulated Annealing Approach

In any CAPP system, one of the most important process planning functions is selection of the operations and corresponding machines in order to generate the optimal operation sequence. In this paper, the hybrid GA-SA algorithm is used to solve this combinatorial optimization NP (Non-deterministic Polynomial) problem. The network representation is adopted to describe operation and sequencing flexibility in process planning and the mathematical model for process planning is described with the objective of minimizing the production time. Experimental results show effectiveness of the hybrid algorithm that, in comparison with the GA and SA standalone algorithms, gives optimal operation sequence with lesser computational time and lesser number of iterations

Autonomous Navigation of Automated Guided Vehicle Using Monocular Camera

This paper presents a hybrid control algorithm for Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV) consisting of two independent control loops: Position Based Control (PBC) for global navigation within manufacturing environment and Image Based Visual Servoing (IBVS) for fine motions needed for accurate steering towards loading/unloading point. The proposed hybrid control separates the initial transportation task into global navigation towards the goal point, and fine motion from the goal point to the loading/unloading point. In this manner, the need for artificial landmarks or accurate map of the environment is bypassed. Initial experimental results show the usefulness of the proposed approach.COBISS.SR-ID 27383808

Friction Force Microscopy of Deep Drawing Made Surfaces

Aim of this paper is to contribute to micro-tribology understanding and friction in micro-scale interpretation in case of metal beverage production, particularly the deep drawing process of cans. In order to bridging the gap between engineering and trial-and-error principles, an experimental AFM-based micro-tribological approach is adopted. For that purpose, the can’s surfaces are imaged with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the frictional force signal is measured with frictional force microscopy (FFM). In both techniques, the sample surface is scanned with a stylus attached to a cantilever. Vertical motion of the cantilever is recorded in AFM and horizontal motion is recorded in FFM. The presented work evaluates friction over a micro-scale on various samples gathered from cylindrical, bottom and round parts of cans, made of same the material but with different deep drawing process parameters. The main idea is to link the experimental observation with the manufacturing process. Results presented here can advance the knowledge in order to comprehend the tribological phenomena at the contact scales, too small for conventional tribology