Sustainability ranking of desalination plants using Mamdani Fuzzy Logic Inference Systems

As water desalination continues to expand globally, desalination plants are continually under pressure to meet the requirements of sustainable development. However, the majority of desalination sustainability research has focused on new desalination projects, with limited research on sustainability performance of existing desalination plants. This is particularly important while considering countries with limited resources for freshwater such as the United Arab Emirates (UAE) as it is heavily reliant on existing desalination infrastructure. In this regard, the current research deals with the sustainability analysis of desalination processes using a generic sustainability ranking framework based on Mamdani Fuzzy Logic Inference Systems. The fuzzy-based models were validated using data from two typical desalination plants in the UAE. The promising results obtained from the fuzzy ranking framework suggest this more in-depth sustainability analysis should be beneficial due to its flexibility and adaptability in meeting the requirements of desalination sustainability

Water Supply Infrastructure Cost Modelling

AbstractThe current paper presents the development and validation of cost functions for different types of assets of water supply systems based on known hydraulic (e.g., flow, pump head, pump power) and physical characteristics of the assets (e.g., volume, material, nominal diameter). The followed methodology is a five-step procedure: 1) database construction and analysis, 2) present cost value calculation, 3) cost function establishment, 4) model specification, and 5) model validation. Cost and infrastructure data from several Portuguese water utilities have been used. Regression models have been used for the cost modelling

Innovative approach for planning water infrastructure systems under uncertainty

Thesis (S.M. in Technology and Policy)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2013.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis. Page 75 blank.Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-74).This thesis develops a framework for a flexible design approach to support decision-making in water supply infrastructure planning. It contrasts with a conventional, deterministic planning approach that uses past data or forecasts to anticipate future needs. This thesis surveys current approaches that attempt to consider uncertainty, including scenario planning, decision analysis, sensitivity analysis, real options, dynamic strategic planning, and adaptive management. A flexible design approach builds on current approaches and explores flexibility through infrastructure size and function. The approach intends to be applicable across various water infrastructure systems. This thesis describes real world and theoretical applications of flexible design, including climate change adaptation planning for water utilities, flexible planning for water infrastructure investments, and flexibility in urban drainage systems. The proposed flexible design approach employs probabilistic and simulation methods to anticipate a range of future circumstances and identify top-performing strategies. The engine of the framework is a time-series stochastic analysis that uses simulation in a discounted cash flow Excel model. First, it identifies key inputs and performance metrics, characterizes uncertainty distributions, and defines strategies of varying flexibility. Next, it employs Monte Carlo simulation and compares strategy performance through target curves and multiple criteria analyses. Singapore's water resources system inspires the characteristics of the model. The best-performing flexible approach introduces a cost savings of 15% over a 50-year timespan. To successfully implement a flexible design approach, leaders in the profession must guide the shift to planning methods that explicitly recognize the role of uncertainty in the planning process. While some implementation barriers present difficulties, the proposed flexible design approach enables substantial cost savings and fosters a deeper understanding of a water resources system in the face of future uncertainty.by Melanie Kathleen Wong.S.M.in Technology and Polic

Characterization of components of water supply systems from GPR images and tools of intelligent data analysis

[EN] Over time, due to multiple operational and maintenance activities, the networks of water supply systems (WSSs) undergo interventions, modifications or even are closed. In many cases, these activities are not properly registered. Knowledge of the paths and characteristics (status and age, etc.) of the WSS pipes is obviously necessary for efficient and dynamic management of such systems. This problem is greatly augmented by considering the detection and control of leaks. Access to reliable leakage information is a complex task. In many cases, leaks are detected when the damage is already considerable, which brings high social and economic costs. In this sense, non-destructive methods (e.g., ground penetrating radar - GPR) may be a constructive response to these problems, since they allow, as evidenced in this thesis, to ascertain paths of pipes, identify component characteristics, and detect primordial water leaks. Selection of GPR in this work is justified by its characteristics as non-destructive technique that allows studying both metallic and non-metallic objects. Although the capture of information with GPR is usually successful, such aspects as the capture settings, the large volume of generated information, and the use and interpretation of such information require high level of skill and experience. This dissertation may be seen as a step forward towards the development of tools able to tackle the problem of lack of knowledge on the WSS buried assets. The main objective of this doctoral work is thus to generate tools and assess their feasibility of application to the characterization of components of WSSs from GPR images. In this work we have carried out laboratory tests specifically designed to propose, develop and evaluate methods for the characterization of the WSS buried components. Additionally, we have conducted field tests, which have enabled us to determine the feasibility of implementing such methodologies under uncontrolled conditions. The methodologies developed are based on techniques of intelligent data analysis. The basic principle of this work has involved the processing of data obtained through the GPR to look for useful information about WSS components, with special emphasis on the pipes. After performing numerous activities, one can conclude that, using GPR images, it is feasible to obtain more information than the typical identification of hyperbolae currently performed. In addition, this information can be observed directly, e.g. more simply, using the methodologies proposed in this doctoral work. These methodologies also prove that it is feasible to identify patterns (especially with the preprocessing algorithm termed Agent race) that provide fairly good approximation of the location of leaks in WSSs. Also, in the case of pipes, one can obtain such other characteristics as diameter and material. The main outcomes of this thesis consist in a series of tools we have developed to locate, identify and visualize WSS components from GPR images. Most interestingly, the data are synthesized and reduced so that the characteristics of the different components of the images recorded in GPR are preserved. The ultimate goal is that the developed tools facilitate decision-making in the technical management of WSSs, and that such tools can even be operated by personnel with limited experience in handling non-destructive methodologies, specifically GPR.[ES] Con el paso del tiempo, y debido a múltiples actividades operacionales y de mantenimiento, las redes de los sistemas de abastecimiento de agua (SAAs) sufren intervenciones, modificaciones o incluso, son clausuradas, sin que, en muchos casos, estas actividades sean correctamente registradas. El conocimiento de los trazados y características (estado y edad, entre otros) de las tuberías en los SAAs es obviamente necesario para una gestión eficiente y dinámica de tales sistemas. A esta problemática se suma la detección y el control de las fugas de agua. El acceso a información fiable sobre las fugas es una tarea compleja. En muchos casos, las fugas son detectadas cuando los daños en la red son ya considerables, lo que trae consigo altos costes sociales y económicos. En este sentido, los métodos no destructivos (por ejemplo, ground penetrating radar - GPR), pueden ser una respuesta a estas problemáticas, ya que permiten, como se pone de manifiesto en esta tesis, localizar los trazados de las tuberías, identificar características de los componentes y detectar las fugas de agua cuando aún no son significativas. La selección del GPR, en este trabajo se justifica por sus características como técnica no destructiva, que permite estudiar tanto objetos metálicos como no metálicos. Aunque la captura de información con GPR suele ser exitosa, la configuración de la captura, el gran volumen de información, y el uso y la interpretación de la información requieren de alto nivel de habilidad y experiencia por parte del personal. Esta tesis doctoral se plantea como un avance hacia el desarrollo de herramientas que permitan responder a la problemática del desconocimiento de los activos enterrados de los SAAs. El objetivo principal de este trabajo doctoral es, pues, generar herramientas y evaluar la viabilidad de su aplicación en la caracterización de componentes de un SAA, a partir de imágenes GPR. En este trabajo hemos realizado ensayos de laboratorio específicamente diseñados para plantear, elaborar y evaluar metodologías para la caracterización de los componentes enterrados de los SAAs. Adicionalmente, hemos realizado ensayos de campo, que han permitido determinar la viabilidad de aplicación de tales metodologías bajo condiciones no controladas. Las metodologías elaboradas están basadas en técnicas de análisis inteligentes de datos. El principio básico de este trabajo ha consistido en el tratamiento adecuado de los datos obtenidos mediante el GPR, a fin de buscar información de utilidad para los SAAs respecto a sus componentes, con especial énfasis en las tuberías. Tras la realización de múltiples actividades, se puede concluir que es viable obtener más información de las imágenes de GPR que la que actualmente se obtiene con la típica identificación de hipérbolas. Esta información, además, puede ser observada directamente, de manera más sencilla, mediante las metodologías planteadas en este trabajo doctoral. Con estas metodologías se ha probado que también es viable la identificación de patrones (especialmente el pre-procesado con el algoritmo Agent race) que proporcionan aproximación bastante acertada de la localización de las fugas de agua en los SAAs. También, en el caso de las tuberías, se puede obtener otro tipo de características tales como el diámetro y el material. Como resultado de esta tesis se han desarrollado una serie de herramientas que permiten visualizar, identificar y localizar componentes de los SAAs a partir de imágenes de GPR. El resultado más interesante es que los resultados obtenidos son sintetizados y reducidos de manera que preservan las características de los diferentes componentes registrados en las imágenes de GPR. El objetivo último es que las herramientas desarrolladas faciliten la toma de decisiones en la gestión técnica de los SAAs y que tales herramientas puedan ser operadas incluso por personal con una experiencia limitada en el manejo[CA] Amb el temps, a causa de les múltiples activitats d'operació i manteniment, les xarxes de sistemes d'abastament d'aigua (SAAs) se sotmeten a intervencions, modificacions o fins i tot estan tancades. En molts casos, aquestes activitats no estan degudament registrats. El coneixement dels camins i característiques (estat i edat, etc.) de les canonades d'aigua i sanejament fa evident la necessitat d'una gestió eficient i dinàmica d'aquests sistemes. Aquest problema es veu augmentat en gran mesura tenint en compte la detecció i control de fuites. L'accés a informació fiable sobre les fuites és una tasca complexa. En molts casos, les fugues es detecten quan el dany ja és considerable, el que porta costos socials i econòmics. En aquest sentit, els mètodes no destructius (per exemple, ground penetrating radar - GPR) poden ser una resposta constructiva a aquests problemes, ja que permeten, com s'evidencia en aquesta tesi, per determinar rutes de canonades, identificar les característiques dels components, i detectar les fuites d'aigua quan encara no són significatives. La selecció del GPR en aquest treball es justifica per les seves característiques com a tècnica no destructiva que permet estudiar tant objectes metàl·lics i no metàl·lics. Tot i que la captura d'informació amb GPR sol ser reeixida, aspectes com ara la configuració de captura, el gran volum d'informació que es genera, i l'ús i la interpretació d'aquesta informació requereix alt nivell d'habilitat i experiència. Aquesta tesi pot ser vista com un pas endavant cap al desenvolupament d'eines capaces d'abordar el problema de la manca de coneixement sobre els actius d'aigua i sanejament enterrat. L'objectiu principal d'aquest treball doctoral és, doncs, generar eines i avaluar la seva factibilitat d'aplicació a la caracterització dels components de los SAAs, a partir d'imatges GPR. En aquest treball s'han dut a terme proves de laboratori específicament dissenyats per proposar, desenvolupar i avaluar mètodes per a la caracterització dels components d'aigua i sanejament soterrat. A més, hem dut a terme proves de camp, que ens han permès determinar la viabilitat de la implementació d'aquestes metodologies en condicions no controlades. Les metodologies desenvolupades es basen en tècniques d'anàlisi intel·ligent de dades. El principi bàsic d'aquest treball ha consistit en el tractament de dades obtingudes a través del GPR per buscar informació útil sobre els components d'SAA, amb especial èmfasi en la canonades. Després de realitzar nombroses activitats, es pot concloure que, amb l'ús d'imatges de GPR, és factible obtenir més informació que la identificació típica d'hipèrboles realitzat actualment. A més, aquesta informació pot ser observada directament, per exemple, més simplement, utilitzant les metodologies proposades en aquest treball doctoral. Aquestes metodologies també demostren que és factible per identificar patrons (especialment el pre-processat amb l'algoritme Agent race) que proporcionen bastant bona aproximació de la localització de fuites en SAAs. També, en el cas de tubs, es pot obtenir altres característiques com ara el diàmetre i el material. Els principals resultats d'aquesta tesi consisteixen en una sèrie d'eines que hem desenvolupat per localitzar, identificar i visualitzar els components dels SAAS a partir d'imatges GPR. El resultat més interessant és que els resultats obtinguts són sintetitzats i reduïts de manera que preserven les característiques dels diferents components registrats en les imatges de GPR. L'objectiu final és que les eines desenvolupades faciliten la presa de decisions en la gestió tècnica de SAA, i que tals eines poden fins i tot ser operades per personal amb poca experiència en el maneig de metodologies no destructives, específicament GPR.Ayala Cabrera, D. (2015). Characterization of components of water supply systems from GPR images and tools of intelligent data analysis [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/59235TESISPremios Extraordinarios de tesis doctorale

Evaluation of Greywater and A/C Condensate for Water Reuse: An Approach using Artificial Neural Network Modeling

Alternative resources play a vital role for water-sensitive infrastructures where consistent water supply is a challenge, and freshwater resources are limited. Greywater and A/C condensate are potentially new alternatives for increasing urban water supply. An advanced physical filtration system for greywater treatment was developed named as GAC-MI-ME. It is comprised coarse filtration (CR-F) followed by microfiltration (MF), granular activated carbon (GAC), ultrafiltration (UF), ultraviolet (UV), and reverse-osmosis (RO). GAC-MI-ME effluent-quality was analyzed for greywater from laundry, shower, and wash basin. High-grade effluent equivalent to unrestricted water reuse was observed at UF and RO units. A subsequent tool (GREY-ANN) was proposed for GAC-MI-ME effluent quality predictions. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was applied to develop 5 unit models for selected parameters including Biochemical Oxidation Demand, pH, Total Dissolved Solids, Turbidity, and Oxidation-Reduction Potential to predict effluent quality at each stage of GAC-ME-MI treatment using water quality databases (developed from a series of experiments testing greywater of varying strength). The 15 days storage potential of GAC-MI-ME treated effluents were also analyzed and showed no significant quality depletion in UF and RO effluent quality. A hybrid modeling approach was applied to A/C condensate estimation, which included a psychrometric based “Air-Conditioner-Condensate” (ACON) model, and data-driven “Internal Load Analysis using Neural Network” (ILAN) model. The ACON model uses mass and energy balance approach for HVAC systems operating under steady state conditions. It accounts for psychometric states of different air parcels during the cooling and dehumidification process. The ILAN model was developed using ANN for the city of Doha to predict Internal Load at a daily time step for variable climatic conditions (temperature, relative humidity). The ACON- ILAN models were validated for a test building and applied for yearly condensate estimation for Doha. The virtual simulations of the hybrid model showed an annual condensate volume of 1370 and 3700 l/100 m^3 of cooling space for 20% and 100% outdoor-ventilation. The condensate quality (for limited water quality parameters) showed values within primary and secondary drinking water standards, except for copper, which had marginally higher concentrations. Overall, the GREY-ANN and ACON-ILAN may improve greywater and A/C condensate reuse potentials

Water-Wise Cities and Sustainable Water Systems

Building water-wise cities is a pressing need nowadays in both developed and developing countries. This is mainly due to the limitation of the available water resources and aging infrastructure to meet the needs of adapting to social and environmental changes and for urban liveability. This is the first book to provide comprehensive insights into theoretical, systematic, and engineering aspects of water-wise cities with a broad coverage of global issues. The book aims to (1) provide a theoretical framework of water-wise cities and associated sustainable water systems including key concepts and principles, (2) provide a brand-new thinking on the design and management of sustainable urban water systems of various scales towards a paradigm shift under the resource and environmental constraints, and (3) provide a technological perspective with successful case studies of technology selection, integration, and optimization on the “fit-for-purpose” basis

Vedenjakelun kehittäminen ja mallintaminen Keetmanshoopissa, Namibiassa

The objective of this study is to update earlier studies of Keetmanshoop’s water distribution and to evaluate the performance of Keetmanshoop’s water distribution network and water sector. This includes data such as the level of non-revenue water, pressures in the pipelines and network’s appurtenances. The aim is also to model Keetmanshoop’s water distribution network, and to simulate its performance for different outputs, such as maximum and minimum pressure and net flow. The model would then be used and updated by Keetmanshoop Municipality. Finally, the last objective is to present improvements to Keetmanshoop’s water distribution. The materials and methods used in this study were a literature survey, primarily of the previous studies, semi-structured interviews, observations and conversations, field measurements and Keetmanshoop Municipality’s accounting. The research was mainly conducted in Keetmanshoop in June and July 2015. Moreover, the water distribution network model was constructed with WaterCAD, QGIS and FCGnet software. The minimum pressure of 200 kPa in the whole network isn’t achieved, thus the southern part of the network suffers from excessive pressure. The frequency of pipe breakages is high and indicates the network to be in a poor condition. Pipe breakages mainly occur from the old age of the pipe network, high pressure and lack of air release valves. The level of non-revenue water is 18.0 %, which is below the 20 %, the main target of this EU funded project. However, it should be higher due to the factors such as the overflowing of the municipality’s reservoirs and high frequency of pipe breakages. These factors also indicate that the municipality’s accounting of billed water is faulty. The water distribution network model doesn’t reliably replicate the actual network. There are many reasons for this, such as the complexity of water demand in the actual network and faulty map elements that the model was based on. The model is still approximate and indicates the performance of the actual network and some problematic areas, e.g. the southern part of the town where the pressure is excessive. Keetmanshoop’s water distribution can be improved in many ways. For instance, the 350 inactive water meters should be replaced and new gate valves, pressure reducing valves and air release valves are needed. The old asbestos cement pipes should be replaced with new plastic (uPVC) pipes as soon as possible. The municipality’s reservoirs need to be protected, isolated and improved, and the use of Oxpass Hill reservoir is questionable. It dampens the pressure in the southwestern part of the network, overflows frequently and doesn’t provide notable extra storage

IT08-A Laghi sudalpini

50openItalian coauthor/editorThe Macrosite "IT08 Subalpine Lakes" includes a group of lakes located at the southern border of the Alps. The lake typologies are represented by large and deep lakes (Orta, Garda, Maggiore, Como and Iseo) and by a lake of smaller size and shallow depth (Candia). Topics common to all the research sites include the impact of eutrophication and climate change, the composition, structure and dynamics of biological communities (plankton, necton and littoral communities), trophic webs, paleolimnology, ecotoxicology, ecological status and remote sensing. Scientific investigations are supported by a wide availability of technological infrastructures and laboratories located in the reference institutions, and by a wide range of technological equipment for fieldwork. These facilities, funded within the individual institutes involved in the research, have allowed not only to maintain, but also to update the classical approaches used in scientific monitoring, while opening up new research fields (especially molecular ecology, microbial ecology, metabolomic profiling, antibiotic resistance genes, high frequency monitoring by sensor technology). Over the last decade, the continuity and regularity of investigations have been facilitated by the availability of both external and ordinary funds. The variety of research activities carried out on the IT08 macrosite is evidenced by the publication of numerous scientific papers, as well as contributions (oral or poster) presented at national and international conferences, and by the presence in the mass media. In this context, the scientific monitoring is a key element of LTER research, including not only data collection (basic monitoring), but also data interpretation, modeling, and experimental manipulation, with particular attention to key groups of selected variables in order to identify the most significant environmental stressors and the degree of change at the level of ecosystems, communities, species and populations.Il macrosito “IT08 Laghi Sudalpini” comprende un gruppo di laghi localizzato al margine meridionale della catena alpina. Le tipologie lacustri sono rappresentate da laghi estesi e profondi (Orta, Garda, Maggiore, Como e Iseo) e da un lago di minori dimensioni e bassa profondità (Candia). Le tematiche comuni a tutti i siti di ricerca comprendono: composizione, struttura e dinamica delle comunità biologiche (plancton, necton e comunità litorali) e loro risposte all’eutrofizzazione e ai cambiamenti climatici; le reti trofiche; la paleolimnologia; l’ecotossicologia; la qualità ecologica; il telerilevamento. Le attività di ricerca sono supportate da una ricca disponibilità di laboratori localizzati nelle differenti sedi e da un’ampia dotazione di apparecchiature tecnologiche. Queste infrastrutture, finanziate nell’ambito dei singoli istituti coinvolti nella ricerca, hanno permesso non solo di mantenere, ma anche di aggiornare i classici approcci utilizzati nel monitoraggio scientifico, aprendo, nel contempo, nuovi indirizzi di ricerca: ne sono esempi gli sviluppi nel campo dell’ecologia molecolare e microbica, il profiling metabolomico, la ricerca di geni di resistenza agli antibiotici, la sperimentazione di sistemi di monitoraggio ad alta frequenza mediante l’utilizzo di sensori. Nel corso dell’ultimo decennio, la regolarità nelle attività di ricerca nei laghi di maggiori dimensioni è stata favorita dalla disponibilità di finanziamenti esterni (progetti competitivi o previsti nell’ambito di cooperazioni transfrontaliere) e ordinari (progetti definiti nei singoli istituti o attività istituzionali nel caso delle ARPA). La varietà delle attività di ricerca svolte nei laghi sudalpini è testimoniata dalla pubblicazione di numerosi articoli scientifici e divulgativi, dai contributi presentati in congressi nazionali e internazionali, dall’organizzazione di convegni, seminari e attività e di formazione e divulgazione, oltre che dalla presenza nei media giornalistici. La collaborazione tra i siti di ricerca appartenenti al macrosito Laghi Sudalpini vanta una lunga tradizione. Seppur regolate nell’ambito di progetti e accordi informali, numerose forme di collaborazione tra tutti gli attuali siti di ricerca erano infatti già attive ancor prima dell’istituzione della rete LTER-Italia. Nell’ambito di queste collaborazioni va inserito anche il Lago di Lugano che, pur non incluso nell’attuale network, rimane largamente coinvolto nelle attività di collaborazione scientifica con il supporto attivo della Scuola Universitaria Professionale della Svizzera italiana (SUPSI, Canobbio). Le collaborazioni riguardano attività di supporto logistico reciproco (raccolta di campioni e analisi di laboratorio, intercalibrazioni), campagne di indagine focalizzate su argomenti specifici (tra cui ricerca di specie tossigeniche, zooplancton, reti trofiche, ecologia microbica, evoluzione a lungo termine dello stato trofico e dinamiche di mescolamento in relazione alle fluttuazioni climatiche, telerilevamento, microplastiche). I numerosi risultati ottenuti nell’ambito delle collaborazioni hanno permesso di produrre un elevato numero di articoli scientifici e contributi sinottici a livello congressuale e seminariale. In particolare, numerosi lavori di carattere sinottico sono stati recentemente pubblicati in un numero speciale della rivista Hydrobiologia dedicato ai grandi laghi perialpini (2018, volume 824, Issue 1). Riassumendo, l’elemento chiave delle ricerche LTER nei laghi a sud delle Alpi è il loro approccio a lungo termine, su scale temporali che vanno ben oltre la durata tipica dei progetti di ricerca. Il monitoraggio scientifico costituisce un elemento centrale delle ricerche LTER, comprendendo non solo la raccolta di dati (monitoraggio di base), ma anche la loro interpretazione, modellizzazione e manipolazione sperimentale, con particolare attenzione a gruppi chiave di variabili selezionate al fine di individuare gli stressori ambientali più significativi e il grado di cambiamento a livello di ecosistema, comunità, specie e popolazioni. Tale approccio richiede necessariamente di essere implementato in un contesto di ricerca scientifica in grado di mantenere un elevato livello di qualità sia nei dati raccolti sia nella loro elaborazione, interpretazione, diffusione e valorizzazione, non solo a livello di singolo lago o macrosito, ma anche in più ampi contesti nazionali ed internazionali.openSalmaso, N.; Bresciani, M.; Buzzi, F.; Ciampittiello, M.; Leoni, B.; Piscia, R.; Rogora, M.; Austoni M.; Beltrami, M.; Bertoni, R.; Boggero, A.; Boscaini, A.; Brivio, P.A.; Callieri, C.; Cerutti, I.; Cappelletti, C.; Carrara, P.; Cerasino, L.; Ciutti, F.; Corno, G.; Crippa, E.; Di Cesare, A.; Dresti, C.; Eckert, E.; Foglini, C.; Fontaneto, D.; Galafassi, S.; Giacomotti, P.; Giardino, C.; Guilizzoni, P.; Iaia, M.; Lami, A.; Lella, S.; Manca, D.; Manca, M.; Marchetto, A.; Mosello, R.; Musanti, M.; Nava, V.; Oggioni, A.; Orrù, A.; Patelli, M.; Riccardi, N.; Saidi, H.; Sala, P.; Soler, V.; Tartari, G.A.; Tolotti, M.; Volta, P.; Zaupa, S.;Salmaso, N.; Bresciani, M.; Buzzi, F.; Ciampittiello, M.; Leoni, B.; Piscia, R.; Rogora, M.; Austoni, M.; Beltrami, M.; Bertoni, R.; Boggero, A.; Boscaini, A.; Brivio, P.A.; Callieri, C.; Cerutti, I.; Cappelletti, C.; Carrara, P.; Cerasino, L.; Ciutti, F.; Corno, G.; Crippa, E.; Di Cesare, A.; Dresti, C.; Eckert, E.; Foglini, C.; Fontaneto, D.; Galafassi, S.; Giacomotti, P.; Giardino, C.; Guilizzoni, P.; Iaia, M.; Lami, A.; Lella, S.; Manca, D.; Manca, M.; Marchetto, A.; Mosello, R.; Musanti, M.; Nava, V.; Oggioni, A.; Orrù, A.; Patelli, M.; Riccardi, N.; Saidi, H.; Sala, P.; Soler, V.; Tartari, G.A.; Tolotti, M.; Volta, P.; Zaupa, S