Multimetal smithing : An urban craft in rural settings?

Multimetal smithing should be defined as the use of more than one metal and/or different metalworking techniques within thesame crafts-milieu. This complex metalworking has long been linked to centrality, central places and urbanity in Scandinavia.It has been extensively argued that fine casting and smithing, as well as manufacture utilizing precious metals was exclusivelyundertaken within early urban settings or the “central places” pre-dating these. Furthermore, the presence of complex metalcraftsmanship has been used as a driving indicator of the political, social and economic superiority of certain sites, therebyenhancing their identity as “centralities”.Recent research has come to challenge the universality of this link between urbanity, centrality and complex metalworkingas sites in rural settings with evidence of multimetal smithing are being identified. This shows that the relationship between thecraft and centrality (urbanity) must be nuanced and that perhaps multimetal craftsmanship should be reconsidered as an urbanindicator.The thesis project “From Crucible and onto Anvil” started in 2015 and focuses on sites housing remains of multimetalcraftsmanship dating primarily from 500-1000 AD. Within the project a comprehensive survey of sites will be used to evaluate thepresence of multimetal craftsmanship in the landscape. Sites in selected target areas will also be subject to intra-site analysisfocusing on workshop organisation, production output, metalworking techniques and chronological variances.A key aim in the project is to elucidate the conceptual aspects of complex metalworking. The term multimetality is used toanalytically frame all the societal and economic aspects of multimetal craftsmanship. Through this inclusive perspective both thecraftsmanship and the metalworkers behind it are positioned within the overall socioeconomic framework. The metalworkers,their skills and competences as well as the products of their labour are viewed as dynamic actors in the landscape and on thearenas of political economy of the Late Iron Age.The survey has already revealed interesting aspects concerning multimetal smithing and urbanity. Although the multimetalsites do cluster against areas of early urban development there are also other patterns emerging. Multimetal craftsmanship – both as practice and concept – was well represented in both rural peripheral settings and urban crafts-milieus. This means that therole of multimetality as part of an “urban conceptual package” is crucial to investigate. Such an approach will have the dual endsof properly understanding the craft and its societal implications, but also further the knowledge of the phenomenon of urbanityas a whole. Was multimetal smithing part of an “urban package” that spread into the rural landscape? Did the multimetality differbetween urban and rural crafts-milieus? How does early urbanity relate to the chronology of multimetal craftsmanship?This paper aims to counter these questions using examples from the survey of multimetal sites conducted within the thesisproject. A comparison between selected sites will be presented. The purpose of this is to evaluate the role of multimetality withinthe “urban package” and discuss the role of complex metalworking in the establishment of urban arenas of interaction in LateIron Age Scandinavia

Lagunev müür. Hübridiseeruv ajakirjandus. Kaheksas Euroopa riigis ilmuvate ajalehtede ja ajakirjade võrdlev uurimus

Käesolev uurimistöö analüüsib ajakirjandusliku sisu ja turundussõnumite sulandumist Põhja-Euroopa ajalehtedes ja ajakirjades. Uurimistöö täpsem fookus on märgistamata ja märgistatud reklaamide avaldamise tingimustel. Ajakirjandusliku vormi ja turundusliku eesmärgiga tekstide märkimiseks on sõna „advertorials“, selline tekstitüüp on Euroopa Liidu normide järgi eksitamine. Juhul, kui ajakirjandusliku žanrina näiv tekst on siiski märgistatud kui „reklaam või turundustekst“, võib öelda, et tegemist on tagasihoidliku hübridiseerimisega. Juhul, kui sellised tekstid on märgistamata, on tegemist tugeva hübridiseerumisega. Ajakirjanduse n-ö normatiivsed „sambad“, mis on aegade jooksul aidanud hoida lahus autonoomset ajakirjanduslikku sisu ja reklaami, on tehnoloogia arengu ja kasvava majandussurve tõttu meediale hakanud järjest enam mõranema. Ajakirjanduse roll demoraatiku ühiskonna autonoomse infojagajana on muutumas haavatavaks. Käesoleva töö empiirilise materjali moodusab 2006/2007. aastal läbi viidud e-küsitlus, millele vastas 691 ajalehte ja nišiajakirja. 66,4% väljaannetest aktsepteeris ajakirjandusliku formaadi ja turundusliku sisuga tekstide avaldamist – koos märkusega, et tegemist on „makstud sisuga“; 9,6% aktsepteeris hübriidtekste vastava märkuseta. Seega, legendaarne „müür“ toimetuste ja reklaamiosakonna vahel on hakanud mõranema, kuid pole veel täiesti kokku varisenud. 14,8% vastanud toimetustest eitas toimetuse ja reklaamiosakonna vahelist suhtlust; 57,2% ei soovinud avaldada enam reklaamiga seotud ajakirjanduslikku materjali ning 34,6% ei andnud garantiid, et reklaamiandja kohta ei avaldata kriitilist materjali. Siiski näitavad tulemused, et hübriidsisu legitimeerib. Ajalehtede ja ajakirjade vahel ei esinenud suuri erinevusi, samal ajal kui kaheksa riigi publikatsioonide vahel oli erinevus suur. Hübridiseerumistendents oli skaalal 0-2 järgmine: Rootsis ja Taanis (indeksid vastavalt 0,42 ja 0,44); Soomes 0,6; Saksamaal 0,61; Ühendkuningriigis 0,89; Venemaal 1,2; Eestis 1,4 ja Leedus 1,69.This study discusses the degree of hybridisation between advertising and journalism in newspapers and niche magazines in the northern part of Europe, paying particular attention to labelled and unlabelled advertorials. The term advertorial has been listed by EU as a misleading commercial practice. When labelled it can be considered an example of moderate hybridisation of advertising and journalism, when not labelled; an example of a strong or complete hybridisation. Cracks in the so-called normative pillars, supposed to safeguard journalistic autonomy and serve the interests of the public, have, due to commercialisation, over the past three decades, partly demolished the once fundamental wall between the editorial and advertising departments within a media organisation. Internet and technologies have triggered, accelerated and been a driving force in commercialisation and the information overload. As a result, journalism has been put in a very critical, vulnerable and squeezed position, paving the way for more hybrid journalism and thus a weakened democracy. Based on e-mail-based survey responses from 691 newspapers and niche magazines, the author found that in 2006/2007 there was a profound acceptance for the use of labelled advertorials, and a less, but still considerable acceptance for unlabelled advertorials. 66,4 % of the publications accepted labelled advertorials and 9,6 % unlabelled advertorials. The legendary wall between the editorial and advertising department was collapsing, but had not fully collapsed. 14,8 % of the publications responded that there was no communication between the two departments. 57,2 % did not want to publish more editorial content because of advertising, and 34,6 % did not give a guarantee to publish no critical or negative editorial content in case of advertising. Hybrid journalism was becoming the norm and classical journalism marginalised. In terms of hybridisation, there were little differences between newspapers and magazines, but the differences between countries were quite strong. Hybridisation was the weakest in Sweden and Denmark with hybridisation index scores of 0,42 and 0,44, on a scale from 0 to 2, while Finland (0,61), Germany (0,61), UK (0,89), Russia (1,22), Estonia (1,40) and Lithuania (1,69) showed a stronger hybridisation of journalism and advertising

Forgotten Laxdæla poetry : a study and an edition of Tyrfingur Finnsson's Vísur uppá Laxdæla sögu

The paper discusses the metre and the diction of a previously unpublished small poem about characters of Laxdæla saga, composed in 18th century. The stanzas are ostensibly in skaldic dróttkvætt; the analysis shows it to be an imitation of the classical metre, yet a remarkably successful one, implying an extraordinarily good grasp of dróttkvætt poetics on the part of a poet composing several hundred years after the end of the classical dróttkvætt period

ATHENA Research Book, Volume 2

ATHENA European University is an association of nine higher education institutions with the mission of promoting excellence in research and innovation by enabling international cooperation. The acronym ATHENA stands for Association of Advanced Technologies in Higher Education. Partner institutions are from France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Lithuania, Portugal and Slovenia: University of Orléans, University of Siegen, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Niccolò Cusano University, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Polytechnic Institute of Porto and University of Maribor. In 2022, two institutions joined the alliance: the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University from Poland and the University of Vigo from Spain. Also in 2022, an institution from Austria joined the alliance as an associate member: Carinthia University of Applied Sciences. This research book presents a selection of the research activities of ATHENA University's partners. It contains an overview of the research activities of individual members, a selection of the most important bibliographic works of members, peer-reviewed student theses, a descriptive list of ATHENA lectures and reports from individual working sections of the ATHENA project. The ATHENA Research Book provides a platform that encourages collaborative and interdisciplinary research projects by advanced and early career researchers

Organizational-economic mechanism of management innovative development of economic entities: collective monograph

The authors of the book have come to the conclusion that it is necessary to effectively use modern approaches the management of innovative development the economic entities in order to increase the efficiency of activity, to ensure competitiveness, to intensify innovation activity. Basic research focuses on assessing the innovation processes, the fourth generation of new industrial revolution, diagnosis of sources of innovation financing, assessment of social innovations. The research results have been implemented in the different models of development innovation management, renewable energy, introduction of start-up projects and lifelong learning. The results of the study can be used in decision-making at the level the economic entities in different areas of activity and organizational-legal forms of ownership, ministries and departments that promote of development the economic entities on an innovative basis. The results can also be used by students and young scientists in modern concepts and mechanisms for management of innovative development the economic entities in the context of efficient use the resource potential and improvement of innovation policy