A policy context - eLib and the emergence of the subject gateways

This brief paper outlines some of the features of the policy environment which led to the setting up of the influential 'subject gateways' as part of the Electronic Libraries Programme. It has the modest and partial ambition of putting some of the discussions of the time on record. It should be read as a companion piece to two other articles. The first, Law 1994, develops the historical context for the emergence of the data centres, a central component of JISC information infrastructure, and collaterally discusses the broad thrust of JISC's developing informational activity. The second, Dempsey 2000, upon which this piece is partly based, provides a broad discussion of the emergence of the subject gateways and the historical trajectory which led to the setting up of the Resource Discovery Network (RDN), which now provides an umbrella for JISC-funded subject-gateway activity. This article has a particular focus: it looks at some aspects of the policy background which led to the funding of the subject gateways. It does not discuss emerging services and approaches that also influenced developments

A JSON Token-Based Authentication and Access Management Schema for Cloud SaaS Applications

Cloud computing is significantly reshaping the computing industry built around core concepts such as virtualization, processing power, connectivity and elasticity to store and share IT resources via a broad network. It has emerged as the key technology that unleashes the potency of Big Data, Internet of Things, Mobile and Web Applications, and other related technologies, but it also comes with its challenges - such as governance, security, and privacy. This paper is focused on the security and privacy challenges of cloud computing with specific reference to user authentication and access management for cloud SaaS applications. The suggested model uses a framework that harnesses the stateless and secure nature of JWT for client authentication and session management. Furthermore, authorized access to protected cloud SaaS resources have been efficiently managed. Accordingly, a Policy Match Gate (PMG) component and a Policy Activity Monitor (PAM) component have been introduced. In addition, other subcomponents such as a Policy Validation Unit (PVU) and a Policy Proxy DB (PPDB) have also been established for optimized service delivery. A theoretical analysis of the proposed model portrays a system that is secure, lightweight and highly scalable for improved cloud resource security and management.Comment: 6 Page

Physical activity surveillance across the life-course: from data to policy

As a major risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), physical inactivity is a prominent challenge for public health. The purpose of this symposium is to present an overview of physical inactivity prevalence in Europe using data collected through international surveillance initiatives, while highlighting successes and discussing future challenges for utilising data to promote physical activity across the life course. The World Health Organization (WHO) is involved in several physical activity surveillance systems on which discussions during this symposium will be based: 1. The WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) is the largest survey of its kind in the world. An overview of results from the most recent round of COSI will be presented focusing on prevalence estimates for physical activity, screen time and sleep. Variations between countries of the socioeconomic determinants of physical inactivity, as well as the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, will demonstrate the ongoing need for quality data to guide targeted policy actions in support of vulnerable groups throughout the life course. 2. The WHO’s STEPwise approach to surveillance (STEPS) survey provides important national level prevalence data on the behavioural and metabolic risk factors for NCDs. For many countries, the STEPS survey has provided the first estimates of physical inactivity and sedentary behaviour in the population and has been essential in raising awareness of the need for national policy actions to increase population levels of physical activity. 3. The European Commission, with the support of the WHO Regional Office for Europe, has established the European Union Physical Activity Focal Points Network to monitor implementation of the 23 indicators of the Health-Enhancing Physical Activity (HEPA) monitoring framework on physical activity policy development and implementation. 4. Within the European Union Physical Activity Focal Points Network, and during the COVID-19 pandemic, some countries established a survey on physical activity and screen time in children and adolescents

Consumer policy - a network/political economy perspective : an application of the new macro-relational consumer policy framework to study the evolutionary dynamics of the policy community for the Electronic Fund Transfer System (EFTS) consumer issue in Canada

This thesis argued that-sole reliance by government on the micro-economic paradigm. as the rationale for intervening in the marketplace results in too narrow an approach to consumer policy and a lack of appreciation for the dynamic and relational aspects of the consumer policy process. An integration of select constructs from the political economy and network paradigms contributed to the development of a macro-relational consumer policy framework. The network approach provides a relational perspective while the political economy paradigm provides a macro approach to widening consumer policy theory. Together, they offer a macro-relational perspective to compliment the micro-economic approach. The investigator suggests that the computerization of the Canadian payment system represents a change in the technological sphere of the macro policy environment. This change challenges the marketplace interests of the consumer policy network constituents (secondary policy environment). The stakeholders affected by this change coalesce into a policy community to balance respective interests. This primary policy environment, evolutionary in nature (internal policy activity, then dyadic, multidyadic, and triadic), will exhibit varying patterns of stakeholder interaction, relationship development and network dynamics. Propositions developed, to explain the evolutionary dynamics of the policy community guided the content analysis, the case study and the network analysis. Relational data (matrices and graphs) profiled the chronological maps of the relationships of the aggregate, constituent and dyadic sets of stakeholders. A multi-layered network analysis revealed an evolutionary process and a policy community which varied on several interaction dimensions (frequency, directedness, durability, role perception, intensity) and network dimensions (size, density, connectedness, cohesiveness, knittedness, stability). To mirror parallel initiatives in complimentary disciplines, stakeholders and future macro-relational consumer policy researchers are challenged to embrace the powerful network/political economy perspective to profit from stimulating theoretical and pragmatic insights into the complex, dynamic consumer policy process.This thesis argued that-sole reliance by government on the micro-economic paradigm. as the rationale for intervening in the marketplace results in too narrow an approach to consumer policy and a lack of appreciation for the dynamic and relational aspects of the consumer policy process. An integration of select constructs from the political economy and network paradigms contributed to the development of a macro-relational consumer policy framework. The network approach provides a relational perspective while the political economy paradigm provides a macro approach to widening consumer policy theory. Together, they offer a macro-relational perspective to compliment the micro-economic approach. The investigator suggests that the computerization of the Canadian payment system represents a change in the technological sphere of the macro policy environment. This change challenges the marketplace interests of the consumer policy network constituents (secondary policy environment). The stakeholders affected by this change coalesce into a policy community to balance respective interests. This primary policy environment, evolutionary in nature (internal policy activity, then dyadic, multidyadic, and triadic), will exhibit varying patterns of stakeholder interaction, relationship development and network dynamics. Propositions developed, to explain the evolutionary dynamics of the policy community guided the content analysis, the case study and the network analysis. Relational data (matrices and graphs) profiled the chronological maps of the relationships of the aggregate, constituent and dyadic sets of stakeholders. A multi-layered network analysis revealed an evolutionary process and a policy community which varied on several interaction dimensions (frequency, directedness, durability, role perception, intensity) and network dimensions (size, density, connectedness, cohesiveness, knittedness, stability). To mirror parallel initiatives in complimentary disciplines, stakeholders and future macro-relational consumer policy researchers are challenged to embrace the powerful network/political economy perspective to profit from stimulating theoretical and pragmatic insights into the complex, dynamic consumer policy process

ANALISA PERBANDINGAN PENERAPAN PBR DAN NON PBR PADA PROTOCOL OSPF UNTUK KONEKSI INTERNET

The implementation of quota policies to limit the use of the Internet, such as limiting the use of streaming media applications, download and upload activity has a purpose in order to maintain the performance of computer networks, especially companies / organizations that have low Internet bandwidth capacity. Implementation of Policy Based Routing (PBR) means choosing a path or a different route from the routing table to reach the destination address of data packets transmitted. Router device without applying the PBR will choose a path based on the IP address of the destination.This research was conducted by adopting the method NDLC in comparing the routing policy. The stages through which the problem analysis, design and simulation prototype network topology. At this stage of prototype Simulation is done by confguring and testing the Quality of Service (QoS) for network design. Results achieved in the form of comparisons PBR application on the router and use of NON PBR for the implementation of a policy to optimize traffc transmission of data packets or internet traffc usage by users

Sweeping up gangs: The effects of tough-on-crime policies from a network approach

Worldwide, gang proliferation is fought mostly with tough punishment strategies such as sweeps. In this paper, I study their causal effect on crime for arrested individuals and known peers following a difference-in-differences strategy. I also take advantage of the network structure I retrieved to assess peer effects and identify key players. I perform such an analysis with novel administrative data from the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona, where Latin gangs expanded rapidly and where a stark policy change occurred. Results show significant reductions in crimes of arrested individuals and their peers, particularly in crimes against the person. The areas of the sweeps benefit from improvements in crime, health and education. I further conduct an innovative counterfactual policy exercise comparing sweep outcomes with theoretically predicted crime reductions when removing key players. This exercise indicates that sweeps could have achieved a 50% larger reduction in criminal activity had key players been removed. In this way, a network analysis provides insights on how to improve policy design

Doctor of Philosophy

dissertationWhile often hailed as the world's oldest profession, prostitution is most commonly considered an illegal activity. As such, prostitution operates as a hidden organization relying on covert organizing processes in order to function. However, this reality begs the question of how hidden organizations operate and (re)produce. Through feminist poststructuralism and communication as constitutive to organizing, the research questions in this study ask how discourse(s) communicatively constitute prostitution and with what unintended consequences. Using local prostitution policies and in-depth interviews, data analysis revealed that policy-as-written and policy-as-practice are disparate in the communicative construction of organizing prostitution. Moreover, discourse is examined through both talk and silence. As a result systematic and pervasive silence(s) organized networks of prostitution in new ways. In the end, prostitution is highlighted as an organized network or rather an (un)organization

Modelling the effects of social networks on activity and travel behaviour

Activity-based models of transport demand are increasingly used by governments, engineering firms and consultants to predict the impact of various design and planning decisions on travel and consequently on noise emissions, energy consumption, accessibility and other performance indicators. In this context, non-discretionary activities, such as work and school, can be relatively easily explained by the traveller’s sociodemographic characteristics and generalised travel costs. However, participation in, and scheduling of, discretionary and joint activities are not so easily redicted. Understanding the social network that lies on top of the spatial network could lead to better prediction of social activity schedules and better forecasts of travel patterns for joint activities. Existing models of activity-travel behaviour do not consider joint activities in detail, except within households to a limited extent. A recent attempt developed at ETH Zurich to incorporate social networks in a single-day optimisation scheduling model did not model joint activities as such, rather rewarding individuals for scheduling activities at the same location and at the same time as their friends. Realistic social networks were also not incorporated. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to this rapidly expanding field by developing a simulation of activity and travel behaviour incorporating social processes and joint activities to investigate the effects on activity and travel behaviour over a simulated period of weeks. The model developed is intended as a proof-of-concept. In order to achieve this aim, an agent-based simulation was designed, implemented in Java, and calibrated and partly verified with real-world data. The model generates activities on a daily basis, including the time of day and duration of the activity. An interaction protocol has been developed to model the activity decision process. Data collected in Eindhoven on social and joint activities and social networks has been used for calibration and verification. Alongside the model development, several issues are addressed, such as exploring which parameters are useful and their effects, the data required for the validation of agent-based travel behaviour models, and whether the addition of social networks to models of this type makes adifference. Sensitivity testing was undertaken to explore the effects of parameters, which was applied to increasingly more complex versions of the model (starting from one day of outputs with no interactions between individuals and finishing with full interactions over many days). This showed that the model performed as expected when certain parameters were altered. Due to the components included in the model, scenarios of interest to policy makers (such as changes in population, land-use changes, and changes in institutional contexts) can be explored. Altering the structure of the in- put social networks and the interaction protocols showed that these inputs do have a difference on the outputs of the model. As a result, these elements of the model require data collection on the social network structure and the decision processes for each local instantiation. Two more "traditional" transport planning policy scenarios, an increase in free time and an increase in travel cost, showed that the model performs as expected for these scenarios. It is shown that the use of agent-based modelling is useful in permitting the incorporation of social networks. The social network can have a significant impact on model results and therefore the decisions made by planners and stakeholders. The model can be extended further in several different directions as new theories are developed and data sets are collected