Practical Use of O-MI/O-DF messaging standards in mobile application for IoT. Creating an open system for smart EV charging.

During the last decades the Internet has become ubiquitously available in most places of the world, which has made it possible also to implement the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. In this paradigm Internet connects devices with each other and with their users allowing the development of digital services and applications that increase the comfort level of everyday human life. Many domains are interested to exploit the IoT ecosystem, especially public administrations starting \textit{Smart City} initiatives all over the world. Cities are becoming smart in many way: smart mobility, smart buildings, smart environment and so on. However, the problem of noninteroperability in IoT exists that hinders the seamless communication between all kinds of IoT devices. Different domain specific IoT applications use different messaging standards offered by different providers. These messaging standards do not comply with each other. The Open Group published two domain-independent standards O-MI and O-DF aiming to solve this interoperability problem. In this thesis we want to describe the practical use of O-MI/O-DF standards in a mobile application for the smart city context, in particular for the Smart Mobility domain, electric vehicle (EV) charging use case. First, the overview of IoT domain and its ecosystem with attention to noninteroperability problem is made. Then the description of six messaging standards including Open Group's standards O-MI and O-DF are provided. Then the requirements for IoT messaging protocol are outlined and the comparison of all these messaging standards are made showing that the domain independent standards O-MI/O-DF are the most suitable for IoT. After that smart city context and its requirements are described for the implementation part of the thesis. In the next chapter the implementation of a mobile application using O-MI/O-DF messaging standards are described with the details of the application architecture, structure of messages and overview of the back-end part of the service

Impact of Interdisciplinary Research on Planning, Running, and Managing Electromobility as a Smart Grid Extension

The smart grid is concerned with energy efficiency and with the environment, being a countermeasure against the territory devastations that may originate by the fossil fuel mining industry feeding the conventional power grids. This paper deals with the integration between the electromobility and the urban power distribution network in a smart grid framework, i.e., a multi-stakeholder and multi-Internet ecosystem (Internet of Information, Internet of Energy, and Internet of Things) with edge computing capabilities supported by cloud-level services and with clean mapping between the logical and physical entities involved and their stakeholders. In particular, this paper presents some of the results obtained by us in several European projects that refer to the development of a traffic and power network co-simulation tool for electro mobility planning, platforms for recharging services, and communication and service management architectures supporting interoperability and other qualities required for the implementation of the smart grid framework. For each contribution, this paper describes the inter-disciplinary characteristics of the proposed approaches

An Overview of Cyber Security and Privacy on the Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure

Electric vehicles (EVs) are key to alleviate our dependency on fossil fuels. The future smart grid is expected to be populated by millions of EVs equipped with high-demand batteries. To avoid an overload of the (current) electricity grid, expensive upgrades are required. Some of the upgrades can be averted if users of EVs participate to energy balancing mechanisms, for example through bidirectional EV charging. As the proliferation of consumer Internet-connected devices increases, including EV smart charging stations, their security against cyber-attacks and the protection of private data become a growing concern. We need to properly adapt and develop our current technology that must tackle the security challenges in the EV charging infrastructure, which go beyond the traditional technical applications in the domain of energy and transport networks. Security must balance with other desirable qualities such as interoperability, crypto-agility and energy efficiency. Evidence suggests a gap in the current awareness of cyber security in EV charging infrastructures. This paper fills this gap by providing the most comprehensive to date overview of privacy and security challenges To do so, we review communication protocols used in its ecosystem and provide a suggestion of security tools that might be used for future research.Comment: 12 pages, 5 tables, 3 figure

EVKG: An Interlinked and Interoperable Electric Vehicle Knowledge Graph for Smart Transportation System

Over the past decade, the electric vehicle industry has experienced unprecedented growth and diversification, resulting in a complex ecosystem. To effectively manage this multifaceted field, we present an EV-centric knowledge graph (EVKG) as a comprehensive, cross-domain, extensible, and open geospatial knowledge management system. The EVKG encapsulates essential EV-related knowledge, including EV adoption, electric vehicle supply equipment, and electricity transmission network, to support decision-making related to EV technology development, infrastructure planning, and policy-making by providing timely and accurate information and analysis. To enrich and contextualize the EVKG, we integrate the developed EV-relevant ontology modules from existing well-known knowledge graphs and ontologies. This integration enables interoperability with other knowledge graphs in the Linked Data Open Cloud, enhancing the EVKG's value as a knowledge hub for EV decision-making. Using six competency questions, we demonstrate how the EVKG can be used to answer various types of EV-related questions, providing critical insights into the EV ecosystem. Our EVKG provides an efficient and effective approach for managing the complex and diverse EV industry. By consolidating critical EV-related knowledge into a single, easily accessible resource, the EVKG supports decision-makers in making informed choices about EV technology development, infrastructure planning, and policy-making. As a flexible and extensible platform, the EVKG is capable of accommodating a wide range of data sources, enabling it to evolve alongside the rapidly changing EV landscape

Uso de X-Road para implementar datos abiertos en sistemas eléctricos y promover la integración con estrategias de ciudad inteligente y gobierno abierto

The electrical industry is undergoing a deep digital transformation towards the consolidation of smart grids, which requires a high demand of data and information systems involved in the processes. Open data initiatives, which have been focused on open governance to a great extent, generate positive impacts on society and the economy in terms of easy access to public resources, agility, and transparency. These initiatives can also be adopted in the electrical industry (i.e., power, electrical, and energy systems) for customer engagement, collaboration with other industries, and reaching consensus. This study proposes the implementation of an open data solution for the electrical industry through the deployment of a data hub that offers digital services for smart city applications and the integration of the X-Road system to improve the security and interoperability of open data. This initiative aims to promote a wider adoption of open data in the electrical industry and prepare the latter for fully connected and collaborative digital ecosystems in smart cities, industries, and governments. This study also proposes an open data architecture for the interoperability of the electrical industry with other digital industries (through a Smart City Hub and the adoption of 5G technology), and it reports some relevant results and major findings in this regard. This paper highlights the benefits of promoting open data and technological strategies for digitized electrical systems while considering humans an essential factor. Finally, it discusses the pros and cons of the integration of X-Road with the electrical industry under the concept of smart grids for data exchange and potential applications.La industria eléctrica está experimentando una profunda transformación digital hacia la consolidación de redes inteligentes, que necesita una alta demanda de datos y sistemas de información involucrados en los procesos. Las iniciativas de datos abiertos, que en mayor medida han sido empleadas para iniciativas de gobierno abierto, generan impactos positivos en la sociedad y la economía en cuanto al fácil acceso a los recursos públicos, la agilidad y la transparencia. Estas iniciativas también se pueden adoptar en la industria eléctrica para sistemas de potencia, eléctricos y de energía para su uso en la participación de los clientes, la colaboración y la mejora de consenso en industrias. Esta investigación propone la implementación de una solución de datos abiertos para la industria eléctrica mediante el despliegue de un Hub que ofrece servicios digitales para aplicaciones de ciudad inteligente y la integración del sistema X-Road para mejorar la seguridad e interoperabilidad de los datos abiertos. Esta iniciativa pretende una adopción más amplia de datos abiertos en la industria eléctrica y su preparación para ecosistemas digitales totalmente conectados y colaborativos en ciudades inteligentes, industrias y gobierno. Se muestran algunos resultados relevantes y hallazgos importantes de este trabajo acerca de una arquitectura de datos abiertos para la interoperabilidad del sector eléctrico con otras industrias digitales a través de un Smart City Hub y la adopción tecnológica de 5G, exponiendo los beneficios de promover los datos abiertos y estrategias tecnológicas para sistemas eléctricos digitalizados mientras se considera el humano como factor esencial. Se discuten los pros y los contras de la integración de X-Road con la industria eléctrica dentro del concepto de redes inteligentes para el intercambio de datos y aplicaciones potenciales

Energy Data Sharing and The Case of EV Smart Charging

This report examines the potential impacts of data sharing related to electric vehicle battery charging and electricity provision. The report arrives at a moment of regulatory ambiguity in the EU over the nature of data sharing that will be involved in this industry and whether there will be EU rules or national rules that ensure choice and prevent data monopolisation. Resolving the ambiguity is important due to the potentially decisive role that car batteries can ultimately play in storing variable renewable energy, like wind and solar, and returning this energy to the network at times of high demand. We maintain that the main regulatory challenges are represented by the policy choices related to interoperability and standardisation, in particular the option for a mandated rather than a facilitated API adoption, and the concerns about privacy and cybersecurity. Failure to require openness at an early stage is not likely to be counteracted by high customer demand for openness and could create lock-in for car customers to “mini” monopolies. Openness does not require imposition of one standard: openness only implies open access to each standard and information hel

Upgrading the Power Grid Functionalities with Broadband Power Line Communications: Basis, Applications, Current Trends and Challenges

This article reviews the basis and the main aspects of the recent evolution of Broadband Power Line Communications (BB-PLC or, more commonly, BPL) technologies. The article starts describing the organizations and alliances involved in the development and evolution of BPL systems, as well as the standardization institutions working on PLC technologies. Then, a short description of the technical foundation of the recent proposed technologies and a comparison of the main specifications are presented; the regulatory activities related to the limits of emissions and immunity are also addressed. Finally, some representative applications of BPL and some selected use cases enabled by these technologies are summarized, together with the main challenges to be faced.This work was financially supported in part by the Basque Government under the grants IT1426-22, PRE_2021_1_0006, and PRE_2021_1_0051, and by the Spanish Government under the grants PID2021-124706OB-I00 and RTI2018-099162-B-I00 (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe”)