110,455 research outputs found
Cyclic Complexity of Words
We introduce and study a complexity function on words called
\emph{cyclic complexity}, which counts the number of conjugacy classes of
factors of length of an infinite word We extend the well-known
Morse-Hedlund theorem to the setting of cyclic complexity by showing that a
word is ultimately periodic if and only if it has bounded cyclic complexity.
Unlike most complexity functions, cyclic complexity distinguishes between
Sturmian words of different slopes. We prove that if is a Sturmian word and
is a word having the same cyclic complexity of then up to renaming
letters, and have the same set of factors. In particular, is also
Sturmian of slope equal to that of Since for some
implies is periodic, it is natural to consider the quantity
We show that if is a Sturmian word,
then We prove however that this is
not a characterization of Sturmian words by exhibiting a restricted class of
Toeplitz words, including the period-doubling word, which also verify this same
condition on the limit infimum. In contrast we show that, for the Thue-Morse
word , Comment: To appear in Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series
Cyclic Complexity of Some Infinite Words and Generalizations
Cassaigne et al. introduced the cyclic complexity function c_x(n), which gives the number of cyclic conjugacy classes of length-n factors of a word x. We study the behavior of this function for the Fibonacci word f and the Thue–Morse word t. If φ = (1 + √5)/2, we show that lim sup_{n → 1} c_f(n)/n ≥ 2/φ² and conjecture that equality holds. Similarly, we show that lim sup_{n → 1} c_t(n)/n ≥ 2 and conjecture that
equality holds. We also propose a generalization of the cyclic complexity function and suggest some directions for further investigation. Most results are obtained by computer proofs using Mousavi’s Walnut software.The first author was supported by an NSERC USRA. The second author was supported by an NSERC Discovery Grant
Counting words of minimum length in an automorphic orbit
Let u be a cyclic word in a free group F_n of finite rank n that has the
minimum length over all cyclic words in its automorphic orbit, and let N(u) be
the cardinality of the set {v: |v|=|u| and v= \phi(u) for some \phi \in \text
{Aut}F_n}. In this paper, we prove that N(u) is bounded by a polynomial
function with respect to |u| under the hypothesis that if two letters x, y
occur in u, then the total number of x and x^{-1} occurring in u is not equal
to the total number of y and y^{-1} occurring in u. A complete proof without
the hypothesis would yield the polynomial time complexity of Whitehead's
algorithm for F_n.Comment: 35 pages, revised versio
On the complexity of the Whitehead minimization problem
The Whitehead minimization problem consists in finding a minimum size element
in the automorphic orbit of a word, a cyclic word or a finitely generated
subgroup in a finite rank free group. We give the first fully polynomial
algorithm to solve this problem, that is, an algorithm that is polynomial both
in the length of the input word and in the rank of the free group. Earlier
algorithms had an exponential dependency in the rank of the free group. It
follows that the primitivity problem -- to decide whether a word is an element
of some basis of the free group -- and the free factor problem can also be
solved in polynomial time.Comment: v.2: Corrected minor typos and mistakes, improved the proof of the
main technical lemma (Statement 2.4); added a section of open problems. 30
page
On the Exact Evaluation of Certain Instances of the Potts Partition Function by Quantum Computers
We present an efficient quantum algorithm for the exact evaluation of either
the fully ferromagnetic or anti-ferromagnetic q-state Potts partition function
Z for a family of graphs related to irreducible cyclic codes. This problem is
related to the evaluation of the Jones and Tutte polynomials. We consider the
connection between the weight enumerator polynomial from coding theory and Z
and exploit the fact that there exists a quantum algorithm for efficiently
estimating Gauss sums in order to obtain the weight enumerator for a certain
class of linear codes. In this way we demonstrate that for a certain class of
sparse graphs, which we call Irreducible Cyclic Cocycle Code (ICCC_\epsilon)
graphs, quantum computers provide a polynomial speed up in the difference
between the number of edges and vertices of the graph, and an exponential speed
up in q, over the best classical algorithms known to date
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