Ultralightweight Cryptography for passive RFID systems

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is one of the most growing technologies among the pervasive systems. Non line of sight capability makes RFID systems much faster than its other contending systems such as barcodes and magnetic taps etc. But there are some allied security apprehensions with RFID systems. RFID security has been acquired a lot of attention in last few years as evinced by the large number of publications (over 3000). In this paper, a brief survey of eminent ultralightweight authentication protocols has been presented & then a four-layer security model, which comprises of various passive and active attacks, has been proposed. Finally, Cryptanalysis of these protocols has also been performed under the implications of the proposed security model

Pitfalls in Ultralightweight RFID Authentication Protocol

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is one of the most promising identification schemes in the field of pervasive systems. Non-line of sight capability makes RFID systems more protuberant than its contended systems. Since the RFID systems incorporate wireless medium, so there are some allied security threats and apprehensions from malicious adversaries. In order to make the system reliable and secure, numerous researchers have proposed ultralightweight mutual authentication protocols; which involve only simple bitwise logical operations (AND, XOR & OR etc.) to provide security. In this paper, we have analyzed the security vulnerabilities of state of the art ultralightweight RFID authentication protocol: RAPP. We have proposed three attacks (two DoS and one Desynchronization) in RAPP protocol and challenged its security claims.  Moreover, we have also highlighted some common pitfalls in ultralightweight authentication protocol designs. This will help as a sanity check, improve and longevity of ultralightweight authentication protocol designs

Enhancing the security of RCIA ultra-lightweight authentication protocol by using Random Number Generator (RNG) technique

This study is an attempt to enhance the security of Robust Confidentiality, Integrity, and Authentication (RCIA) ultra-lightweight authentication protocols.In the RCIA protocol, IDs value is sent between reader and tag as a constant value.This makes RCIA susceptible to traceability attack which lead to the privacy issue. In order to overcome this problem, Random Number Generator (RNG) technique based on Bitwise operations has been used in the tag side.The idea of this technique is to change the IDs of a tag on every query session so that it will not stay as a constant value.The implementation of Enhanced RCIA has been conducted by using a simulation.The simulation provided the ability to show that the operations of RCIA protocol as to compare with the enhanced RCIA.The outcome shows that the enhanced RCIA outperforms existing one in terms of privacy

Enhancing the security of RCIA ultra-lightweight authentication protocol by using random number generator (RNG) technique

With the growing demand for low-cost Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system, there is a necessity to design RFID ultra-lightweight authentication protocols to be compatible with the system and also resistant against possible attacks. However, the existing ultra-lightweight authentication protocols are susceptible to wide range of attacks. This study is an attempt to enhance the security of Robust Confidentiality, Integrity, and Authentication (RCIA) ultra-lightweight authentication protocols especially with regard to privacy issue. In the RCIA protocol, IDs value is sent between reader and tag as a constant value. The constant value will enable attacker to trace the location of the tag which violates the privacy users. In order to enhance the security of RCIA protocol, Random Number Generator (RNG) technique has been used. This technique relies on generating random numbers in the tag side, based on Bitwise operations. The idea of this technique is to change the IDs of a tag on every query session so that it will not stay as a constant value. The implementation of Enhanced RCIA has been conducted by using a simulation. The simulation provided the ability to show that the operations of RCIA protocol as to compare with the enhanced RCIA. The outcome shows that the enhanced RCIA outperforms existing one in terms of privacy

Toward designing a secure authentication protocol for IoT environments

Authentication protocol is a critical part of any application to manage the access control in many applications. A former research recently proposed a lightweight authentication scheme to transmit data in an IoT subsystem securely. Although the designers presented the first security analysis of the proposed protocol, that protocol has not been independently analyzed by third-party researchers, to the best of our knowledge. On the other hand, it is generally agreed that no cryptosystem should be used in a practical application unless its security has been verified through security analysis by third parties extensively, which is addressed in this paper. Although it is an efficient protocol by design compared to other related schemes, our security analysis identifies the non-ideal properties of this protocol. More specifically, we show that this protocol does not provide perfect forward secrecy. In addition, we show that it is vulnerable to an insider attacker, and an active insider adversary can successfully recover the shared keys between the protocol’s entities. In addition, such an adversary can impersonate the remote server to the user and vice versa. Next, the adversary can trace the target user using the extracted information. Finally, we redesign the protocol such that the enhanced protocol can withstand all the aforementioned attacks. The overhead of the proposed protocol compared to its predecessor is only 15.5% in terms of computational cost

Cost and Lightweight Modeling Analysis of RFID Authentication Protocols in Resource Constraint Internet of Things

Internet of Things (IoT) is a pervasive environment to interconnect the things like: smart objects, devices etc. in a structure like internet. Things can be interconnected in IoT if these are uniquely addressable and identifiable. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is one the important radio frequency based addressing scheme in IoT. Major security challenge in resource constraint RFID networks is how to achieve traditional CIA security i.e. Confidentiality, Integrity and Authentication. Computational and communication costs for Lightweight Mutual Authentication Protocol (LMAP), RFID mutual Authentication Protocol with Permutation (RAPP) and kazahaya authentication protocols are analyzed. These authentication protocols are modeled to analyze the delays using lightweight modeling language. Delay analysis is performed using alloy model over LMAP, RAPP and kazahaya authentication protocols where one datacenter (DC) is connected to different number of readers (1,5 or 10) with connectivity to 1, 5 or 25 tags associated with reader and its results show that for LMAP delay varies from 30-156 msec, for RAPP from 31-188 while for kazahaya from 61-374 msec. Further, performance of RFID authentication protocols is analyzed for group construction through more than one DC (1,5 or 10) with different number of readers (10, 50 or 100) and tags associated with these readers (50, 500, 1000) and results show that DC based binary tree topology with LMAP authentication protocol is having a minimum delay for 50 or 100 readers. Other authentication protocols fail to give authentication results because of large delays in the network. Thus, RAPP and Kazahaya are not suitable for scenarios where there is large amount of increase in number of tags or readers

Security of Ubiquitous Computing Systems

The chapters in this open access book arise out of the EU Cost Action project Cryptacus, the objective of which was to improve and adapt existent cryptanalysis methodologies and tools to the ubiquitous computing framework. The cryptanalysis implemented lies along four axes: cryptographic models, cryptanalysis of building blocks, hardware and software security engineering, and security assessment of real-world systems. The authors are top-class researchers in security and cryptography, and the contributions are of value to researchers and practitioners in these domains. This book is open access under a CC BY license