8,889 research outputs found
Representing the MAJORITY WORLD famine, photojournalism and the Changing Visual Economy
Our knowledge of the world is mediated. This means knowledge depends on representations provided to us from a variety of sources. However, we should not limit representation to a concern with language, or suggest that representations produce fictions unconnected to the real world. To avoid these problems we need to understand mediated knowledge and representation in terms of discourse. This thesis examines aspects of a particular discourse, the visual discourse of photojournalism, and explores its role in constructing the imagined geography of Africa.
This thesis investigates how photographic illustrations of Africa play a role in constructing knowledge of the continent for mainstream UK audiences. It undertakes this in terms of the âMinority Worldâ and the âMajority Worldâ in order to challenge the assumptions of superiority and inferiority associated with traditional representations of âFirst World/Third Worldâ or âdeveloped/underdevelopedâ. Central to the discussion is the notion of a specific photographic point of view based on the authorâs background as a Minority World photographer who has undertaken extensive work in the Majority World.
The thesis considers how historical photographic representations of African countries that are beyond the personal experience of UK mainstream audiences, and the formation of key compositions in a particular style to represent famine, were repeated through the last century and how these compositions relate to current public understandings of the Majority World as a particular place. Through this discussion the thesis critically analyses public consumption of such images and argues the construction of key events (disasters, famines, etc.) are central to the imaginary construction of the continent of Africa. It argues that colonial relations of power and knowledge, and the production of âothernessâ continue to influence contemporary images of the Majority World. Taking the1984-5 Ethiopian famine as a key event in the formation of geographic visualisations of the African continent, the thesis both considers this event in detail and traces its influence to the formation of contemporary photographic illustrations. Through critical discourse analysis, extensive interviews with photographers, fieldwork, and surveys the thesis examines contemporary photojournalistic coverage of a single event and how it affects UK public understandings of Africa.
The photojournalistic representations of famine in Africa are then considered in terms of the rapidly changing global image economy (in which the move to digital production and distribution is transforming photographic practice), the rise of local photographers, and the influence of the visual discourses on economic stability and growth of the communities in which their subjects live. These arguments come together in the 2003 case of photographic reports from Bob Geldofâs return to Ethiopia during another purported food crisis.
The thesis asks if the changes in the image economy and recent examples of new photographic practice, especially that which follows the codes of conduct for imagery put in place after the Ethiopian famine of 1984-5, demonstrate the potential for changing the way âAfricaâ is constructed as an imagined geography for UK publics, and, if so, how? It grounds the argument in an extended conclusion, which examines the assignment the author carried out in Mali in November 2005 in conjunction with Oxfam GB. This photographic commission demonstrated the difficulty of finding an alternative visualisation of food insecurity (famine) that meets the demands of non-government organisationsâ (NGOs) ethical picture policies yet satisfies the requirements of mainstream media in the UK
âUnmappingâ the Ural Playscapes: An Analysis of Playgrounds and Child Play under the Post-Soviet Urban Transition of Yekaterinburg, Russia
This study examines playgrounds as lenses on urban transitions to explain the link between
urban transformations and changes in the discourse of play and childhood. Specifically,
it compares Soviet public playgrounds and post-Soviet privatized playscapes in
the city of Yekaterinburg, Russia, through primary observation and secondary data
analysis. Using the framework of social reproduction developed by Cindy Katz and Saskia
Sassen to explain how the local forces affect cities, my analysis shows that the shift in
the discourse of play and childhood in the post-Soviet period is hinged on global influences
combined with local transformations, from the abandonment of Soviet ideals of
communal play spaces to the embracement of todayâs consumerist play places. Whereas
the old Soviet playgrounds have uncertain purposes, in contemporary Yekaterinburg
private playgrounds offer a narrative of play in terms of leisure, love, and convenience
for parents. Children turn into consumers of private play, leaving most of the Soviet
playgrounds as idle spaces in the city. This article argues that Yekaterinburgâs shift toward
participating in the globalized economy combined with its transition from the Soviet
ideals maintains social relations and reproduces social inequalities in childhood, as
this condition favors consumerist narratives of play. I conclude that the playgrounds in
Yekaterinburg are bystanders of new global ecologies whereby social, political, and economic
transformations become an impetus to reproduce new ways of seeing the social
importance and meaning of play and playgrounds
Photographs and history : interpreting past and present through photographs
This book concerns photographs as sources in the research of history and social sciences. The idea is to present various approaches to analyzing both past and present through photographs. The intended target audience is students and researchers interested in historical or contemporary photographs and their meanings. The emphasis of the chapters is on history and social sciences, yet the book also includes perspectives of art history and cultural studies. The focus is on qualitative analysis; however, quantitative approaches are also taken into account
Cinema Komunisto: cinema as a memory site
Cinema Komunisto is a documentary film about the use of the cinematic image in the creation of the political narrative of socialist Yugoslavia, taking as its starting point an abandoned film studio that had once been the crown-jewel of the Yugoslav film industry. An intensive five-year research process resulted in a story told through a montage of clips from fiction films and exclusive documentary archive, interspersed
with interviews with key filmmakers, actors and studio bosses, as well as President Titoâs personal projectionist.
In the introduction, a brief historical overview establishes the central position of cinema in socialist Yugoslavia, its contribution to the âimagined communityâ in itâs articulation of political myths and the narration of the common past. Transitioning over
to the present-day, the commemorative function of cinema is discussed in the context of post-war and post-socialist public discourse.
A theoretical analysis of the relationship between cinema and history follows.Beginning with the concerns over the use of cinema as historical document, it extends to challenges faced by filmmakers seeking to ârevisionâ the past (Rosenstone, 2006)through the making of historical films. Starting with the Annales historians, such as Marc Ferro, and their contribution to the liberation of film from the requirements of
written historiography, the argument is made for separating visual historical discourse from historical evidence (Ernest, 1983) and the challenge of making films with cinematic language (de Baecque, 2008)) is taken on. The final theoretical section discusses the impact of the âmemory turnâ on the meeting between cinema and history, and argues for adopting the key concepts of cultural memory, such as itâs present-day
operation, instrumentality and mediality as useful tools for this inquiry. Pierre Noraâs concept of lieux de mĂ©moire proves fundamental as an analytical tool of the analysis of films as âmemory sitesâ. The memory turn is then situated within the context of postsocialist societies, such as Yugoslavia, where films become a useful means ofrepresenting the âtransition of meaningsâ taking place.
Adopting the concepts of Robert Rosenstone, the next section responds to the challenge of developing ârules of engagementâ that would allow for a particular âhistorical understanding.â By situating Cinema Komunisto within the tradition of refractive
cinema (Corrigan, 2011), particularly the use of cinema as an expression of history (Godardâs Histoire(s) du cinĂ©ma) or of history written by decree (Markerâs The Last Bolshevik), I set out to assess and build on aesthetic and philosophical concepts developed by Marker and Godard. Closer to home, inspiration is drawn from filmmaker DuĆĄan Makavejev and his approach of developing âtheory in practiceâ in Innocence
Unprotected.
The elaboration of rules of engagement involves re-working the visual material, including the free mixing of documentary archive and clips from feature films, decontextualising and interrogation of images. Use of concepts such as that of intentional disparity (Baron, 20014) allows the subversion of the intended use of images. Thesection on narrative voice questions the establishing of the right critical distance and
subjective positioning of the author as narrator. Following the decisions to eschew an all-knowing voice-over, and to rely on character-narration, the editing approach becomes vital. Montage allows the elaboration of a philosophical approach, invoking Benjaminâs concept of the dialectic image land the rapprochement of historical fragments to provoke critical reflection. Finally, temporal disunity and spatial articulation are discussed as narrative strategies. Temporal non-linearity and parallels in the dramaturgy add the ability to chart transitioning historical meanings into the present-day, tying back to concepts of social memory as the traces of the past in the present. Spatial narration is discussed in light of situated testimonies in geographical lieux de memoire, and the narrative and symbolic meaning of ruins, as markers of social forgetting. Both strategies prove to be valuable as ârules of engagementâ, in particular because of the political dimension of constructing memory texts.
In conclusion it is argued that the historical understanding achieved by the adoption of the discussed ârules of engagementâ achieves a reconciliation of subjective truth and intimate lyricism, with the philosophical and pedagogical aim of a critical reflection on conventional historical narration. As a memory text, Cinema Komunisto positions memory before historical truth, and ultimately managing to find meaning in ruins
Managing Ambiguous Amphibians: Feral Cows, People, and Place in Ukraineâs Danube Delta
This paper analyzes how a herd of feral cattle emerged in the core zone of Ukraineâs Danube Biosphere Reserve and why it still exists despite numerous challenges to the legality of its presence there. Answering these questions requires an analytical approach that begins from the premise that animals, plants, substances, documents, and technologies are active participants in making social and political worlds rather than passive objects of human intervention and manipulation. Drawing together insights from multispecies ethnography, animal geography, amphibious anthropology, and studies of nature protection in former Soviet republics, the author argues that the feral cattle exist because they are part of an amphibious multispecies assemblage in which relations among cattle, elements of the deltaâs wetland ecologies, legal norms, and the Reserve managersâ documentation practices have aligned to create an autonomous space for cattle to dwell with minimal human intervention
UAVs for the visualization, preservation, and sharing of âlostâ eighteenth century fortified system on Monte Urpino hill in Cagliari (Italy)
A photogrammetric survey with the use of the drone is been applied in the study of the historical military landscape of Cagliari and of its disappeared architectures whose traces are preserved in the current urban context; it is possible to identify original position, consistency and elaborate a digital representation of these works thanks to a methodology structured on the following several phases: analysis and comparison of historical maps and study of other archival documents, integrated digital survey with UAVâs application supported by field verification of traces detected, elaboration of the digital model from which to extrapolate 2D and 3D drawings useful for further analysis and hypothesis, representation and dissemination of the results
Developing a Pedestrian Route Network Service (PRNS)
Route network service is becoming increasingly popular. However, although there are significant amount of route network services there are still limitations especially to pedestrian network services. Pedestrians daily make decision about their navigation choices. Developing a pedestrian route network service (PRNS) involves several factors. During this study the analysis of several routing network services have demonstrated that the geographical data is one of the most important factors in order to develop an own PRNS. Considering the idea of estimation two different datasets for the PRNS were evaluated OpenStreetMap (OSM) and Swedish national road database (NVDB). The use of the OSM dataset for developing the PRNS was made after the comparison between both the dataset. OSM has shown more advantages in terms of completeness of route for pedestrian navigation than NVDB. The OSM dataset was created and stored in the PostGIS database. The implementation of own pedestrian network service is intended to facilitate the developments of new PRNS and analysis and comparison of others existing PRNS. The calculation and collection of the routes to be displayed for the user are performed by extended tools within PostGIS such as pgRouting and PostgreSQL respectively. The datasetâs network topology is related to the distance and determination of route choice by the pedestrian. Thus, Geographical Information System (GIS) is also one fundamental factor used in this study to evaluate and create results. The application was implemented in the city of Lund. One of the limitations developing the PRNS is the lack of documentation for new functions which are released by pgRouting developers. Although OSM provides an essential network for developing the PRNS, some closed residential areas, parks, and open areas are not include on the network limiting the PRNS application. In conclusion the PRNS is a useful application in order to assist pedestrians on their wayfinding in the city of Lund. It is also intended to help further development of new PRNS such as mobile PRNS applications. However, the PRNS must be improved and the dataset network requires updating and expansion for successful operations of the PRNS applications.NavigeringstjĂ€nster blir allt mer populĂ€ra, men Ă€ven om det finns en betydande mĂ€ngd tjĂ€nster, finns det fortfarande begrĂ€nsningar, speciellt för fotgĂ€ngare. FotgĂ€ngare gör dagligen flera val om hur de ska hitta den bĂ€sta vĂ€gen i sin nĂ€rmiljö. Att utveckla en navigeringstjĂ€nst för gĂ„ende (PRNS) involverar flera viktiga faktorer. I denna studie analyseras flera befintliga nĂ€ttjĂ€nster och studien visar att geografiska data Ă€r en av de viktigaste faktorerna för att utveckla egna PRNS. TvĂ„ olika datamĂ€ngder för PRNS utvĂ€rderades: OpenStreetMap (OSM) och svenska nationella vĂ€gdatabasen (NVDB). Efter en första utvĂ€rdering av de tvĂ„ datamĂ€ngderna valdes OSM som visade sig ha flera fördelar för en fotgĂ€ngares navigering. Implementeringen av en egen navigeringstjĂ€nst för gĂ„ende Ă€r avsedd att underlĂ€tta utvecklingen av nya PRNS och analysering och jĂ€mförelsen av andra befintliga PRNS. pqRouting och PostgreSQL berĂ€knar och samlar in de rutter som ska anvĂ€ndas, med hjĂ€lp av datamĂ€ngden som finns i databasen PostGIS. Topologin för nĂ€tverket i datamĂ€ngden Ă€r relaterat till avstĂ„nden och fotgĂ€ngaren bestĂ€mmer vĂ€gvalet. Geografiska informationssystem (GIS) Ă€r ocksĂ„ en grundlĂ€ggande faktor som anvĂ€nds i den hĂ€r studien för att analysera resultatet. PRNS implementerades i staden Lund och syftet Ă€r att underlĂ€tta för fotgĂ€ngare att navigera i staden. En av begrĂ€nsningarna vid utvecklandet av PRNS Ă€r bristen pĂ„ dokumentation av vissa nya funktionaliteter i pgRouting. Ăven om OSM tillhandahĂ„ller ett grundlĂ€ggande nĂ€tverk av vĂ€gar för utvecklingen av PRNS, sĂ„ saknas information om vissa bostadsomrĂ„den, parker och allmĂ€nna utrymmen, vilket begrĂ€nsar PRNS. Sammanfattningsvis sĂ„ Ă€r PRNS ett anvĂ€ndbart program för att hjĂ€lpa fotgĂ€ngare att vĂ€lja vĂ€g i staden Lund. Vidare utveckling av PRNS kan exempelvis vara en mobilapplikation. DĂ„ mĂ„ste dock PRNS förbĂ€ttras och datamĂ€ngden krĂ€ver uppdatering och utveckling för att bli framgĂ„ngsrik.Internet based applications for finding shortest ways to travel are becoming increasingly popular. However, although there are significant amount of these applications there are still limitations especially for pedestrian. Developing an internet based application service for pedestrian involves several steps. During this study the analysis of several internet based applications service for pedestrian have demonstrated that the geographical data is one of the most important components in order to develop the PRNS. Two different dataset were evaluated OpenStreetMap (OSM) and Swedish national road database (NVDB). The use of the OSM dataset for developing the PRNS was made after the comparison between both the dataset. OSM has shown more advantages in terms of completeness of roads network and ways for pedestrian than NVDB. The OSM dataset was created and stored in a database called PostGIS. The calculation of distances and collection of the shortest ways to be displayed for the user are performed by extended tools and programs within PostGIS such as pgRouting and PostgreSQL respectively. The distance and determination of the shortest ways to walk is based on the structure of the dataset and the user choice. Thus, application such as Geographical Information System (GIS) is also one fundamental component used in this study, for example, to evaluate and create maps for visual analysis. One of the limitations developing the PRNS is the lack of documentation for new functions which are released by developers. Some closed residential areas, parks, and open areas are not included on the network limiting the PRNS application. In conclusion the PRNS is a useful application in order to assist pedestrians on their wayfinding in the city of Lund. It is also intended to help further development of new PRNS such as mobile PRNS applications. However, the PRNS must be improved and the dataset network requires updating and expansion for successful operations of the PRNS applications
Shooting horizons: a study of youth empowerment and social change in Tanzania and South Africa
This thesis is a social psychological approach to youth empowerment and social change in
urban African contexts. Over a period of 22 months, 39 young people from Dar es Salaam
and Soweto participated in a communityâbased initiative called Shooting Horizons. The aim
of the project was to engage young people in a process of critical consciousness and social
action to represent themselves and their communities through their own words and images
using Photovoice methodology. Six Photovoice workshops, involving a total of 23 young
women and 16 young men, took place in multiple sites, two youth centres in Dar es Salaam
and one in Soweto. The data was collected through multiple methods, including a series of
37 photoâstories, 6 focus groups on development and social change, a record of daily
discussion groups, and 1 focus group and 10 individual interviews postâproject. Emerging
from the narrative positions of the participants, the project affirms the different directions
for living envisaged by young people and promotes alternatives to the stigmatization of
young people and their communities by the grand discourses and practices of development.
Through a social psychological lens, I explore the impact that stigmatizing representations
of development have on individual and social identities in order to make sense of the
contradictions and ambiguities that it presents for enacting social change. I argue that a
community empowerment framework, supported by an agenda of resistance to the
exclusionary discourses and practices of development, can overcome some of the complex
mechanisms of power that lead to oppressive social stratifications. The analysis observes
the politics of knowledge and recognition in constructing social identities and building
social capital to open up spaces for alternatives within the limitations of these particular
contexts. The findings of this study consistently refer to how âdifferenceâ is imbued in the
narratives of young people and the need to address the gendered and racialized beliefs that
contribute to participantsâ internalized and victimising perspectives and that constrain
processes of social change. Recommendations include practical, concrete, and innovative
methods for urban African youth to engage in initiatives that suit their own development
interests within a social psychological approach to empowerment that redefines
community as a space of inbetweens,
a citizenry of people sharing common interests and
different agendas
Reconfiguring the place of estate-based game management: challenge, change and opportunity within rural England and Wales today
Rural land use in the UK is currently undergoing a significant transition, prompting a re-evaluation of its purpose and beneficiaries. As a key component of this transition, game management claims to occupy over two-thirds of the UKâs rural land mass and annually contributes several billion (GBP) to the economy. Despite this, the subject has remained a taboo within rural and cultural studies, with little attention paid to organised game management within private landed estates. Existing literature is often outdated, spatially biased towards Scotland's larger case examples, or overly focused on environmental or economic accounts. This empirically-driven and culturally-engaged thesis explores driven game management within English and Welsh private estates. The study aims to enhance understanding of those who manage land for this purpose and address key questions about the existence of such spatial configurations, as well as the challenges and opportunities they face. The research employs assemblage thinking as a methodological framework, using a two-fold approach referring to (1) rural stakeholder and estate-based questionnaire surveys and (2) an in-depth thematic exploration of estate case studies. The results show that despite some fluctuations, private estates and key game management actors continue to redefine value and meaning in a contemporary context. Key adaptations include strategic moves to provide and further develop estate-based activities and diversification, while retaining significant levels of game management. The research also highlights multifaceted threats and questions the succession of some forms of game management. Overall, the thesis reveals valuable insight into the private worlds of estate-based game management. The study shows how game management continues to shape rural land use, and why the subject remains contentious. By drawing attention to this aspect of our evolving countryside, the research offers a better understanding of the multifarious challenges confronting rural areas today
- âŠ