ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE AND CANADIAN MULTUCULTURALISM

У статті розглядаються специфіка викладання англійської мови як другої іноземної у контексті багатокультурності Канади. Підкреслюється значення інноваційних методик в організації індивідуального підходу та освітньої політики. Описується педагогічна майстерність викладача англійської мови у контексті міжкультурної комунікації. (The article envisages teaching English as a second language in the context of multiculturalism in Canada. The value of innovative methods of teaching in terms of individualization and multicultural education policy are underlined. The professional skills of teacher of English as a second language in the context of cross-cultural communication are embraced.

A Coalitional Game-Theoretic Model of Stable Government Forms with Umpires

In this paper a government form is modeled as an effectivity function scheme (EFS) i.e. a parameterized family of effectivity functions having admissible (strong) weight-profiles as the relevant parameters. Working in a 2-jurisdiction outcome space we show that the existence of umpires is consistent with strong core-stability of a neo-parliamentary or mixed semi-presidential government form provided that the majority formation rule is collegial.

Bringing Institutions Into Evolutionary Economics: Another View with Links to Changes in Physical and Social Technologies

Like Nelson (2002), I make a case for bringing institutions into evolutionary economics. But unlike Nelson, who defines institutions as social technologies consisting of rules-routines, I define them in agreement with North (1990) as humanly devised rules-constraints — such as formal law and informal social norms — but also view them, to accommodate most of Nelson's approach, as constraining the variety of rules-routines employable by agents. I show that this definition has advantages for communicating with modern institutional analysis, for clarifying how institutions can influence, and be influenced by, changes in physical and social technologies, and for producing policy implications.institutions; rules-constraints; rules-routines; social technologies; economic evolutions

The Directions of Public Administration Reform Due to Romania’s Integration in the European Union

From the formal point of view, in Romania there is an institutional framework that haslooked favourable for operation in at least satisfactory conditions for the authorities at the political level andat the level of public administration . In fact, things are different, and Romanians have to admit that thesignals from EU authorities made in the last few years are in compliance with the reality, namely: if the factthat we complied with the political criterion has been accepted, public administrations do not operateaccording to the standards established for adhesion. The faulty operation of public administration is obvious,well known: “Public administration has become uncontrollable in certain fields, and the political level doesnot know what decisions to make because it only listens and it is only interested in nothing else exceptfratricide fights or other image related matters. There is a lack of political culture in making decisions. Andthere is also the so called “psychological corruption” from the desire to keep the power with any price, youare absolutely opaque, closed and refuse to change the way you work, the way to make decisions

Lost in Translation: Social Choice Theory is Misapplied Against Legislative Intent

Several prominent scholars use results from social choice theory to conclude that legislative intent is meaningless. We disagree. We support our argument by showing that the conclusions in question are based on misapplications of the theory. Some of the conclusions in question are based on Arrow\u27s famous General Possibility Theorem. We identify a substantial chasm between what Arrow proves and what others claim in his name. Other conclusions come from a failure to realize that applying social choice theory to questions of legislative intent entails accepting assumptions such as legislators are omniscient and legislators have infinite resources for changing law and policy. We demonstrate that adding more realistic assumptions to models of social choice theory yields very different theoretical results-including ones that allow for meaningful inferences about legislative intent. In all of the cases we describe, important aspects of social choice theory were lost in the translation from abstract formalisms to real political and legal domains. When properly understood, social choice theory is insufficient to negate legislative intent

Transgendered in Alaska: Navigating the Changing Legal Landscape for Change in Gender Petitions

Background: Detecting intracellular bacterial symbionts can be challenging when they persist at very low densities. Wolbachia, a widespread bacterial endosymbiont of invertebrates, is particularly challenging. Although it persists at high titers in many species, in others its densities are far below the detection limit of classic end-point Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). These low-titer infections can be reliably detected by combining PCR with DNA hybridization, but less elaborate strategies based on end-point PCR alone have proven less sensitive or less general. Results: We introduce a multicopy PCR target that allows fast and reliable detection of A-supergroup Wolbachia -even at low infection titers -with standard end-point PCR. The target is a multicopy motif (designated ARM: A-supergroup repeat motif) discovered in the genome of wMel (the Wolbachia in Drosophila melanogaster). ARM is found in at least seven other Wolbachia A-supergroup strains infecting various Drosophila, the wasp Muscidifurax and the tsetse fly Glossina. We demonstrate that end-point PCR targeting ARM can reliably detect both high-and low-titer Wolbachia infections in Drosophila, Glossina and interspecific hybrids. Conclusions: Simple end-point PCR of ARM facilitates detection of low-titer Wolbachia A-supergroup infections. Detecting these infections previously required more elaborate procedures. Our ARM target seems to be a general feature of Wolbachia A-supergroup genomes, unlike other multicopy markers such as insertion sequences (IS)