A Novel Provably Secure Key Agreement Protocol Based On Binary Matrices

In this paper, a new key agreement protocol is presented. The protocol uses exponentiation of matrices over GF(2) to establish the key agreement. Security analysis of the protocol shows that the shared secret key is indistinguishable from the random under Decisional Diffie-Hellman (DDH) assumption for subgroup of matrices over GF(2) with prime order, and furthermore, the analysis shows that, unlike many other exponentiation based protocols, security of the protocol goes beyond the level of security provided by (DDH) assumption and intractability of Discrete Logarithm Problem (DLP). Actually, security of the protocol completely transcends the reliance on the DLP in the sense that breaking the DLP does not mean breaking the protocol. Complexity of brute force attack on the protocol is equivalent to exhaustive search for the secret key

Intrusion Tolerant Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

This MSc thesis is focused in the study, solution proposal and experimental evaluation of security solutions for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The objectives are centered on intrusion tolerant routing services, adapted for the characteristics and requirements of WSN nodes and operation behavior. The main contribution addresses the establishment of pro-active intrusion tolerance properties at the network level, as security mechanisms for the proposal of a reliable and secure routing protocol. Those properties and mechanisms will augment a secure communication base layer supported by light-weigh cryptography methods, to improve the global network resilience capabilities against possible intrusion-attacks on the WSN nodes. Adapting to WSN characteristics, the design of the intended security services also pushes complexity away from resource-poor sensor nodes towards resource-rich and trustable base stations. The devised solution will construct, securely and efficiently, a secure tree-structured routing service for data-dissemination in large scale deployed WSNs. The purpose is to tolerate the damage caused by adversaries modeled according with the Dolev-Yao threat model and ISO X.800 attack typology and framework, or intruders that can compromise maliciously the deployed sensor nodes, injecting, modifying, or blocking packets, jeopardizing the correct behavior of internal network routing processing and topology management. The proposed enhanced mechanisms, as well as the design and implementation of a new intrusiontolerant routing protocol for a large scale WSN are evaluated by simulation. For this purpose, the evaluation is based on a rich simulation environment, modeling networks from hundreds to tens of thousands of wireless sensors, analyzing different dimensions: connectivity conditions, degree-distribution patterns, latency and average short-paths, clustering, reliability metrics and energy cost

Discrete Logarithm Cryptography

The security of many cryptographic schemes relies on the intractability of the discrete logarithm problem (DLP) in groups. The most commonly used groups to deploy such schemes are the multiplicative (sub)groups of finite fields and (hyper)elliptic curve groups over finite fields. The elements of these groups can be easily represented in a computer and the group arithmetic can be efficiently implemented. In this thesis we first study certain subgroups of characteristic-two and characteristic-three finite field groups, with the goal of obtaining more efficient representation of elements and more efficient arithmetic in the corresponding groups. In particular, we propose new compression techniques and exponentiation algorithms, and discuss some potential benefits and applications. Having mentioned that intractability of DLP is a basis for building cryptographic protocols, one should also take into consideration how a system is implemented. It has been shown that realistic (validation) attacks can be mounted against elliptic curve cryptosystems in the case that group membership testing is omitted. In the second part of the thesis, we extend the notion of validation attacks from elliptic curves to hyperelliptic curves, and show that singular curves can be used effectively in such attacks. Finally, we tackle a specific location-privacy problem called the nearby friend problem. We formalize the security model and then propose a new protocol and its extensions that solve the problem in the proposed security model. An interesting feature of the protocol is that it does not depend on any cryptographic primitive and its security is primarily based on the intractability of the DLP. Our solution provides a new approach to solve the nearby friend problem and compares favorably with the earlier solutions to this problem

Efficient software implementation of elliptic curves and bilinear pairings

Orientador: Júlio César Lopez HernándezTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de ComputaçãoResumo: O advento da criptografia assimétrica ou de chave pública possibilitou a aplicação de criptografia em novos cenários, como assinaturas digitais e comércio eletrônico, tornando-a componente vital para o fornecimento de confidencialidade e autenticação em meios de comunicação. Dentre os métodos mais eficientes de criptografia assimétrica, a criptografia de curvas elípticas destaca-se pelos baixos requisitos de armazenamento para chaves e custo computacional para execução. A descoberta relativamente recente da criptografia baseada em emparelhamentos bilineares sobre curvas elípticas permitiu ainda sua flexibilização e a construção de sistemas criptográficos com propriedades inovadoras, como sistemas baseados em identidades e suas variantes. Porém, o custo computacional de criptossistemas baseados em emparelhamentos ainda permanece significativamente maior do que os assimétricos tradicionais, representando um obstáculo para sua adoção, especialmente em dispositivos com recursos limitados. As contribuições deste trabalho objetivam aprimorar o desempenho de criptossistemas baseados em curvas elípticas e emparelhamentos bilineares e consistem em: (i) implementação eficiente de corpos binários em arquiteturas embutidas de 8 bits (microcontroladores presentes em sensores sem fio); (ii) formulação eficiente de aritmética em corpos binários para conjuntos vetoriais de arquiteturas de 64 bits e famílias mais recentes de processadores desktop dotadas de suporte nativo à multiplicação em corpos binários; (iii) técnicas para implementação serial e paralela de curvas elípticas binárias e emparelhamentos bilineares simétricos e assimétricos definidos sobre corpos primos ou binários. Estas contribuições permitiram obter significativos ganhos de desempenho e, conseqüentemente, uma série de recordes de velocidade para o cálculo de diversos algoritmos criptográficos relevantes em arquiteturas modernas que vão de sistemas embarcados de 8 bits a processadores com 8 coresAbstract: The development of asymmetric or public key cryptography made possible new applications of cryptography such as digital signatures and electronic commerce. Cryptography is now a vital component for providing confidentiality and authentication in communication infra-structures. Elliptic Curve Cryptography is among the most efficient public-key methods because of its low storage and computational requirements. The relatively recent advent of Pairing-Based Cryptography allowed the further construction of flexible and innovative cryptographic solutions like Identity-Based Cryptography and variants. However, the computational cost of pairing-based cryptosystems remains significantly higher than traditional public key cryptosystems and thus an important obstacle for adoption, specially in resource-constrained devices. The main contributions of this work aim to improve the performance of curve-based cryptosystems, consisting of: (i) efficient implementation of binary fields in 8-bit microcontrollers embedded in sensor network nodes; (ii) efficient formulation of binary field arithmetic in terms of vector instructions present in 64-bit architectures, and on the recently-introduced native support for binary field multiplication in the latest Intel microarchitecture families; (iii) techniques for serial and parallel implementation of binary elliptic curves and symmetric and asymmetric pairings defined over prime and binary fields. These contributions produced important performance improvements and, consequently, several speed records for computing relevant cryptographic algorithms in modern computer architectures ranging from embedded 8-bit microcontrollers to 8-core processorsDoutoradoCiência da ComputaçãoDoutor em Ciência da Computaçã

Elliptic Curve Cryptography on Modern Processor Architectures

Abstract Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) has been adopted by the US National Security Agency (NSA) in Suite "B" as part of its "Cryptographic Modernisation Program ". Additionally, it has been favoured by an entire host of mobile devices due to its superior performance characteristics. ECC is also the building block on which the exciting field of pairing/identity based cryptography is based. This widespread use means that there is potentially a lot to be gained by researching efficient implementations on modern processors such as IBM's Cell Broadband Engine and Philip's next generation smart card cores. ECC operations can be thought of as a pyramid of building blocks, from instructions on a core, modular operations on a finite field, point addition & doubling, elliptic curve scalar multiplication to application level protocols. In this thesis we examine an implementation of these components for ECC focusing on a range of optimising techniques for the Cell's SPU and the MIPS smart card. We show significant performance improvements that can be achieved through of adoption of EC

Privacy-preserving efficient searchable encryption

Data storage and computation outsourcing to third-party managed data centers, in environments such as Cloud Computing, is increasingly being adopted by individuals, organizations, and governments. However, as cloud-based outsourcing models expand to society-critical data and services, the lack of effective and independent control over security and privacy conditions in such settings presents significant challenges. An interesting solution to these issues is to perform computations on encrypted data, directly in the outsourcing servers. Such an approach benefits from not requiring major data transfers and decryptions, increasing performance and scalability of operations. Searching operations, an important application case when cloud-backed repositories increase in number and size, are good examples where security, efficiency, and precision are relevant requisites. Yet existing proposals for searching encrypted data are still limited from multiple perspectives, including usability, query expressiveness, and client-side performance and scalability. This thesis focuses on the design and evaluation of mechanisms for searching encrypted data with improved efficiency, scalability, and usability. There are two particular concerns addressed in the thesis: on one hand, the thesis aims at supporting multiple media formats, especially text, images, and multimodal data (i.e. data with multiple media formats simultaneously); on the other hand the thesis addresses client-side overhead, and how it can be minimized in order to support client applications executing in both high-performance desktop devices and resource-constrained mobile devices. From the research performed to address these issues, three core contributions were developed and are presented in the thesis: (i) CloudCryptoSearch, a middleware system for storing and searching text documents with privacy guarantees, while supporting multiple modes of deployment (user device, local proxy, or computational cloud) and exploring different tradeoffs between security, usability, and performance; (ii) a novel framework for efficiently searching encrypted images based on IES-CBIR, an Image Encryption Scheme with Content-Based Image Retrieval properties that we also propose and evaluate; (iii) MIE, a Multimodal Indexable Encryption distributed middleware that allows storing, sharing, and searching encrypted multimodal data while minimizing client-side overhead and supporting both desktop and mobile devices

Application level security enforcement mechanisms for advanced network services

Masteroppgave i informasjons- og kommunikasjonsteknologi 2006 - Høgskolen i Agder, GrimstadToday the telecom world and the Internet world are converging. Ericsson has foreseen this convergence and developed a prototype of a service creation and execution environment called ServiceFrame. ServiceFrame is an extension of the ActorFrame framework. ActorFrame features new concepts described in UML 2.0, such as connectors, ports, parts and behaviour inheritance and structured classes. ActorFrame has central components called actors and agents. Actors and agents are modelled and described using the UML 2.0 notation. In ActorFrame and ServiceFrame actors and agents are communicating asynchronously using messages and concurrent state machines. The ServiceFrame developers have always concentrated on making ServiceFrame a framework with distributed components. The developers have not yet focused on the security issues in ServiceFrame. As a result ServiceFrame currently has no security mechanisms for securing actors or agents. This thesis proposes a security protocol and security mechanisms for securing ServiceFrame. The proposed security mechanisms are implemented in a prototype and tested using a test case. The report first gives an introduction to security concepts, such as authentication, authorisation, integrity and confidentiality. The report also describes relevant frameworks and security protocols. The Java programming language is used for developing and implementing the security mechanisms. UML 2.0 is used as the modelling language. At the end of the report the security mechanisms are analysed and discussed. Authentication in ServiecFrame is achieved by using a key exchange protocol with certificates. In the thesis a solution for achieving authorisation is proposed. This thesis only proposes a rudimentary solution which uses access control lists. Integrity and confidentiality are achieved using cryptography and signing of messages. The main conclusion of this thesis is that the security mechanisms proposed can contribute to securing the ServiceFrame framework. The security mechanisms achieve point to point security between two agents. ServiceFrame could be used to secure access to the Parlay gateway and telecom services. Fundamental in the security mechanisms is an extended variant of the Needham-Schroeder-Lowe public key protocol. The main contribution of this thesis has been to introduce security in ServiceFrame, which previously had not been implemented. The security mechanisms can be used by developers of ServiceFrame to accomplish security in their services. Commercial systems require focus on security to secure both end users and the service providers. The thesis work may contribute to the establishment of ServiceFrame in commercially related products in the future. The thesis has shown that ServiceFrame does not have security mechanisms and that achieving security is essential for ServiceFrame. The thesis has also shown that some of the proposed security mechanisms can be implemented in the framework. It has also shown how security concepts can be implemented and used by distributed components