29 research outputs found
Model-Based operational analysis for complex systems - A case study for electric vehicles
We present in this paper an operational analysis of a complex system following a Model Based Systems Engineering approach, illustrated by a case study on electric vehicles. We explain some strategic issues and reasons that make electric vehicles important and complex systems, and how these vehicles can significantly contribute to the European policies for sustainable development. We explain why it is necessary to apply a Systems Engineering approach to deal with the complexity of such systems, and we give an overview of the architectural design framework we follow. We present a model of the system of interest and of its environment built from the analysis of public documents and literature reviews. This allowed us to identify the key stakeholders, external interfaces, needs, use cases and operational scenarios. Based on this operational analysis, we present ways to pursue functional and trade-off analyses
Scenario selection optimization in system engineering projects under uncertainty: a multi-objective ant colony method based on a learning mechanism
This paper presents a multi-objective Ant Colony Optimization (MOACO) algorithm based on a learning mechanism (named MOACO-L) for the optimization of project scenario selection under uncertainty in a system engineering (SE) process. The objectives to minimize are the total cost of the project, its total duration and the global risk. Risk is considered as an uncertainty about task costs and task durations in the project graph. The learning mechanism aims to improve the MOACO algorithm for the selection of optimal project scenarios in aSE project by considering the uncertainties on the project objectives. The MOACO-L algorithm is then developed by taking into account antsâ past experiences. The learning mechanism allows a better exploration of the search space and an improvement of the MOACO algorithm performance. To validate our approach, some experimental results are presented
Application of machine learning techniques to the flexible assessment and improvement of requirements quality
It is already common to compute quantitative metrics of requirements to assess their quality. However, the risk is to build assessment methods and tools that are both arbitrary and rigid in the parameterization and combination of metrics. Specifically, we show that a linear combination of metrics is insufficient to adequately compute a global measure of quality. In this work, we propose to develop a flexible method to assess and improve the quality of requirements that can be adapted to different contexts, projects, organizations, and quality standards, with a high degree of automation. The domain experts contribute with an initial set of requirements that they have classified according to their quality, and we extract their quality metrics. We then use machine learning techniques to emulate the implicit expertâs quality function. We provide also a procedure to suggest improvements in bad requirements. We compare the obtained rule-based classifiers with different machine learning algorithms, obtaining measurements of effectiveness around 85%. We show as well the appearance of the generated rules and how to interpret them. The method is tailorable to different contexts, different styles to write requirements, and different demands in quality. The whole process of inferring and applying the quality rules adapted to each organization is highly automatedThis research has received funding from the CRYSTAL projectâCritical System Engineering Acceleration (European Unionâs Seventh Framework Program FP7/2007-2013, ARTEMIS Joint Undertaking grant agreement no 332830); and from the AMASS projectâArchitecture-driven, Multi-concern and Seamless Assurance and Certification of Cyber-Physical Systems (H2020-ECSEL grant agreement no 692474; Spainâs MINECO ref. PCIN-2015-262)
Supporting multidisciplinary vehicle modeling : towards an ontology-based knowledge sharing in collaborative model based systems engineering environment
Simulation models are widely used by industries as an aid for decision making to explore and optimize a broad range of complex industrial systemsâ architectures. The increased complexity of industrial systems (cars, airplanes, etc.), ecological and economic concerns implies a need for exploring and analysing innovative system architectures efficiently and effectively by using simulation models. However, simulations designers currently suffer from limitations which make simulation models difficult to design and develop in a collaborative, multidisciplinary design environment. The multidisciplinary nature of simulation models requires a specific understanding of each phenomenon to simulate and a thorough description of the system architecture, its components and connections between components. To accomplish these objectives, the Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) and Information Systemsâ (IS) methodologies were used to support the simulation designerâs analysing capabilities in terms of methods, processes and design tool solutions. The objective of this thesis is twofold. The first concerns the development of a methodology and tools to build accurate simulation models. The second focuses on the introduction of an innovative approach to design, product and integrate the simulation models in a âplug and play" manner by ensuring the expected model fidelity. However, today, one of the major challenges in full-vehicle simulation model creation is to get domain level simulation models from different domain experts while detecting any potential inconsistency problem before the IVVQ (Integration, Verification, Validation, and Qualification) phase. In the current simulation model development process, most of the defects such as interface mismatch and interoperability problems are discovered late, during the IVVQ phase. This may create multiple wastes, including rework and, may-be the most harmful, incorrect simulation models, which are subsequently used as basis for design decisions. In order to address this problem, this work aims to reduce late inconsistency detection by ensuring early stage collaborations between the different suppliers and OEM. Thus, this work integrates first a Detailed Model Design Phase to the current model development process and, second, the roles have been re-organized and delegated between design actors. Finally an alternative architecture design tool is supported by an ontology-based DSL (Domain Specific Language) called Model Identity Card (MIC). The design tools and mentioned activities perspectives (e.g. decisions, views and viewpoints) are structured by inspiration from Enterprise Architecture Frameworks. To demonstrate the applicability of our proposed solution, engine-after treatment, hybrid parallel propulsion and electric transmission models are tested across automotive and aeronautic industries.Les systĂšmes industriels (automobile, aĂ©rospatial, etc.) sont de plus en plus complexes Ă cause des contraintes Ă©conomiques et Ă©cologiques. Cette complexitĂ© croissante impose des nouvelles contraintes au niveau du dĂ©veloppement. La question de la maitrise de la capacitĂ© dâanalyse de leurs architectures est alors posĂ©e. Pour rĂ©soudre cette question, les outils de modĂ©lisation et de simulation sont devenus une pratique courante dans les milieux industriels aïŹn de comparer les multiples architectures candidates. Ces outils de simulations sont devenus incontournables pour conforter les dĂ©cisions. Pourtant, la mise en Ćuvre des modĂšles physiques est de plus en plus complexe et nĂ©cessite une comprĂ©hension spĂ©ciïŹque de chaque phĂ©nomĂšne simulĂ© ainsi quâune description approfondie de lâarchitecture du systĂšme, de ses composants et des liaisons entre composants. Lâobjectif de cette thĂšse est double. Le premier concerne le dĂ©veloppement dâune mĂ©thodologie et des outils nĂ©cessaires pour construire avec prĂ©cision les modĂšles de simulation des architectures de systĂšmes quâon dĂ©sire Ă©tudier. Le deuxiĂšme sâintĂ©resse Ă lâintroduction dâune approche innovante pour la conception, la production et lâintĂ©gration des modĂšles de simulations en mode « plug and play » aïŹn de garantir la conformitĂ© des rĂ©sultats aux attentes, notamment aux niveaux de la qualitĂ© et de la maturitĂ©. Pour accomplir ces objectifs, des mĂ©thodologies et des processus dâingĂ©nierie des systĂšmes basĂ©s sur les modĂšles (MBSE) ainsi que les systĂšmes dâinformation ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©s. Ce travail de thĂšse propose pour la premiĂšre fois un processus dĂ©taillĂ© et un outil pour la conception des modĂšles de simulation. Un rĂ©fĂ©rentiel commun nommĂ© « ModĂšle de carte d'identitĂ© (MIC) » a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ© pour standardiser et renforcer les interfaces entre les mĂ©tiers et les fournisseurs sur les plans organisationnels et techniques. MIC garantit lâĂ©volution et la gestion de la cohĂ©rence de lâensemble des rĂšgles et les spĂ©ciïŹcations des connaissances des domaines mĂ©tiers dont la sĂ©mantique est multiple. MIC renforce Ă©galement la cohĂ©rence du modĂšle et rĂ©duit les anomalies qui peuvent interfĂ©rer pendant la phase dite IVVQ pour IntĂ©gration, VĂ©riïŹcation, Validation, QualiïŹcation. Finalement, aïŹn de structurer les processus de conception des modĂšles de simulation, le travail sâest inspirĂ© des cadres de lâArchitecture dâEntreprise en reïŹĂ©tant les exigences dâintĂ©gration et de standardisation du modĂšle opĂ©ratoire de lâentreprise. Pour valider les concepts introduits dans le cadre de cette thĂšse, des Ă©tudes de cas tirĂ©s des domaines automobile et aĂ©rospatiale ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es. L'objectif de cette validation est d'observer l'amĂ©lioration signiïŹcative du processus actuel en termes d'efficacitĂ©, de rĂ©duction de l'ambiguĂŻtĂ© et des malentendus dans la modĂ©lisation et la simulation du systĂšme Ă concevoir
Eco-design implementation for complex industrial system (From scenario-based LCA to the definition of an eco-innovative R&D projects portfolio)
Face Ă l Ă©mergence des problĂ©matiques environnementales issues des activitĂ©s humaines, l Ă©coconception s attache Ă offrir une rĂ©ponse satisfaisante dans le domaine de la conception de produits et services. Cependant, lorsque les produits considĂ©rĂ©s deviennent des systĂšmes industriels complexes, caractĂ©risĂ©s entre autres par un grand nombre de composants et sous-systĂšmes, un cycle de vie extrĂȘmement long et incertain, ou des interactions complexes avec leur environnement gĂ©ographique et industriel, un manque Ă©vident de mĂ©thodologies et d outils se fait ressentir. Ce changement d Ă©chelle apporte en effet des contraintes diffĂ©rentes aussi bien dans l Ă©valuation des impacts environnementaux gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©s au cours du cycle de vie du systĂšme (gestion et qualitĂ© des donnĂ©es, niveau de dĂ©tail de l Ă©tude par rapport aux ressources disponibles ) que dans l identification de rĂ©ponses adaptĂ©es (gestion de la multidisciplinaritĂ© et des ressources disponibles, formation des acteurs, inclusion dans un contexte de R&D trĂšs amont ). Cette thĂšse vise donc Ă dĂ©velopper une mĂ©thodologie de mise en Ćuvre d une dĂ©marche d Ă©co-conception de systĂšmes industriels complexes. Une mĂ©thodologie gĂ©nĂ©rale est tout d abord proposĂ©e, basĂ©e sur un processus DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyse, Improve, Control). Cette mĂ©thodologie permet de dĂ©finir de maniĂšre formalisĂ©e le cadre de la dĂ©marche (objectifs, ressources, pĂ©rimĂštre, phasage ) et d accompagner rigoureusement l approche d Ă©coconception sur le systĂšme considĂ©rĂ©. Une premiĂšre Ă©tape d Ă©valuation environnementale basĂ©e sur l Analyse du Cycle de Vie (ACV) Ă haut niveau systĂ©mique est ainsi rĂ©alisĂ©e. Etant donnĂ©e la complexitĂ© du cycle de vie considĂ©rĂ© et la variabilitĂ© d exploitation d un systĂšme industriel d un site Ă l autre, une approche par scĂ©nario est proposĂ©e afin d apprĂ©hender rapidement l Ă©tendue possible des impacts environnementaux. Les scĂ©narios d exploitation sont dĂ©finis Ă l aide de la matrice SRI (Stranford Research Institute) et intĂšgrent de nombreux Ă©lĂ©ments rarement abordĂ©s en ACV, comme la maintenance prĂ©ventive et corrective, la mise Ă niveau des sous-systĂšmes ou encore la modulation de la durĂ©e de vie du systĂšme en fonction du contexte Ă©conomique. A l issue de cette ACV les principaux postes impactants du cycle de vie du systĂšme sont connus et permettent d entreprendre la seconde partie de la dĂ©marche d Ă©co-conception centrĂ©e sur l amĂ©lioration environnementale. Un groupe de travail multidisciplinaire est rĂ©uni lors d une sĂ©ance de crĂ©ativitĂ© centrĂ©e autour de la roue de la stratĂ©gie d Ă©co-conception (ou roue de Brezet), un outil d Ă©co-innovation peu consommateur de ressources et ne nĂ©cessitant qu une faible expertise environnementale. Les idĂ©es gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©es en crĂ©ativitĂ© sont alors traitĂ©es par trois filtres successifs, qui permettent : (1) de prĂ©sĂ©lectionner les meilleurs projets et de les approfondir ; (2) de constituer un portefeuille de projets de R&D par une approche multicritĂšre Ă©valuant leur performance environnementale, mais Ă©galement technique, Ă©conomique et de crĂ©ation de valeurs pour les clients ; (3) de contrĂŽler l Ă©quilibre du portefeuille constituĂ© en fonction de la stratĂ©gie de l entreprise et de la diversitĂ© des projets considĂ©rĂ©s (aspects court/moyen/long terme, niveau systĂ©mique considĂ©rĂ© ). L ensemble des travaux a Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ© et validĂ© chez Alstom Grid sur des sous-stations de conversion Ă©lectrique utilisĂ©es dans l industrie de l aluminium primaire. Le dĂ©ploiement de la mĂ©thodologie a permis d initier une dĂ©marche solide d Ă©coconception reconnue par l entreprise et de gĂ©nĂ©rer au final un portefeuille de 9 projets de R&D Ă©coinnovants qui seront mis en Ćuvre dans les prochains mois.Face to the growing awareness of environmental concerns issued from human activities, eco-design aims at offering a satisfying answer in the products and services development field. However when the considered products become complex industrial systems, there is a lack of adapted methodologies and tools. These systems are among others characterised by a large number of components and subsystems, an extremely long and uncertain life cycle, or complex interactions with their geographical and industrial environment. This change of scale actually brings different constraints, as well in the evaluation of environmental impacts generated all along the system life cycle (data management and quality, detail level according to available resources ) as in the identification of adapted answers (management of multidisciplinary aspects and available resources, players training, inclusion in an upstream R&D context ). So this dissertation aims at developing a methodology to implement ecodesign of complex industrial systems. A general methodology is first proposed, based on a DMAIC process (Define, Measure, Analyse, Improve, Control). This methodology allows defining in a structured way the framework (objectives, resources, perimeter, phasing ) and rigorously supporting the ecodesign approach applied on the system. A first step of environmental evaluation based on Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) is thus performed at a high systemic level. Given the complexity of the system life cycle as well as the exploitation variability that may exist from one site to another, a scenario-based approach is proposed to quickly consider the space of possible environmental impacts. Scenarios of exploitation are defined thanks to the SRI (Stanford Research Institute) matrix and they include numerous elements that are rarely considered in LCA, like preventive and corrective maintenance, subsystems upgrading or lifetime modulation according to the economic context. At the conclusion of this LCA the main impacting elements of the system life cycle are known and they permit to initiate the second step of the eco-design approach centred on environmental improvement. A multidisciplinary working group perform a creativity session centred on the eco-design strategy wheel (or Brezet wheel), a resource-efficient eco-innovation tool that requires only a basic environmental knowledge. Ideas generated during creativity are then analysed through three successive filters allowing: (1) to pre-select and to refine the best projects; (2) to build a R&D projects portfolio thanks to a multi-criteria approach assessing not only their environmental performance, but also their technical, economic and customers value creation performance; (3) to control the portfolio balance according to the company strategy and the projects diversity (short/middle/long term aspect, systemic level ). All this work was applied and validated at Alstom Grid on electrical conversion substations used in the primary aluminium industry. The methodology deployment has allowed initiating a robust eco-design approach recognized by the company and finally generating a portfolio composed of 9 eco-innovative R&D projects that will be started in the coming months.CHATENAY MALABRY-Ecole centrale (920192301) / SudocSudocFranceF
Configuration interactive et contraintes : connaissances, filtrage et extensions
The value of our research work is rooted in the following observations :-1- the life cycle of products, systems, services and processes is tending to get shorter ; -2- new designs and updates of products on the market are becoming more and more frequent, leading to increasingly short design cycles ; -3 technologies are constantly changing, requiring permanent, ongoing acquisition of knowledge ; -4-the diversity of products offered on the market is growing all the time, ranging from customizable or configurable to made-to-measure or designed to order.These trends, and the mass of information and knowledge that requires treating as a result of them, are placing heavy demands on designers, requiring ever more attentiveness and increasingly intense cognitive effort. The result is an increased risk that the product does not fully meet the customerâs needs, that it is difficult to implement or manufacture, or that it will be prohibitively expensive. The aim of our work is thus to help the design process to reduce these risks and errors by delivering software tools and methodological environments that serve to capitalize and exploit general, contextual, academic, expert or business knowledge.Our work on various complex industrial cases has led us to take into consideration two kinds of knowledge, involving on the one hand the "product domain" and on the other the "product diversity element". Each kind of knowledge leads to differing industrial cases. The first kind of knowledge encompasses the scientific and technical aspects, but also the specific rules governing the business in question. This knowledge is required in order to define the product itself, and involves issues that can be resolved by aiding the product /system/service design. The second kind of knowledge relates to the diverse nature of the products, and involves issues of customization or configuration of the product/system/service.Our aim is to help in what might be called "routine" design, where different kinds and various types of knowledge exist, due to the recurrent nature of the activity. We consider that aid in design or configuration can be formalized, either completely or partially, in the form of a constraint satisfaction problem (CSP). In this context, we focus more specifically on interactive decision-support, by introducing the principles of filtering or constraint propagation. The diversity of knowledge formalized as a CSP and the interaction with the user allow us to assemble and adapt filtering algorithms in a generic constraint propagation engine, integrated in our CoFiADe software solution.In addition, this formalism based on CSP constraints is complemented by : - ontologies to structure knowledge and facilitate its reuse throughout the development cycle, - analogy-based approaches taking advantage of contextual knowledge encapsulated in the case under study, so as to make recommendations to the user on the choice of values, - evolutionary approaches to optimize the search for multi-criteria solutions.Les travaux de recherche preÌsenteÌs dans ce meÌmoire trouvent leurs fondements dans les constats suivants :-1- la dureÌe de vie des produits et systeÌmes tend aÌ se reÌduire,-2- les conceptions et les actualisations des produits mis sur le marcheÌ sont de plus en plus freÌquentes alors que les cycles de conception sont toujours plus brefs,-3- les technologies employeÌes en constante eÌvolution neÌcessitent une acquisition de connaissance permanente,-4- la diversiteÌ des produits offerte sur les marcheÌs ne cesse de croiÌtre allant des produits personnali- sables ou configureÌs jusquâaux produits sur-mesure et conçus aÌ la commande.Ces tendances et la masse dâinformations et de connaissances aÌ traiter en deÌcoulant exigent des concepteurs toujours plus dâattention et un travail cognitif toujours plus intense. Il en reÌsulte une augmentation des risques, que le produit reÌponde imparfaitement aux besoins du demandeur, quâil soit difficilement reÌalisable et fabricable, ou encore quâil le soit aÌ un couÌt prohibitif. Lâobjectif de nos travaux est donc de limiter ces risques et erreurs en proposant des outils logiciels et des environnements meÌthodologiques destineÌs aÌ capitaliser et exploiter des connaissances geÌneÌrales, contextuelles, acadeÌmiques, expertes ou meÌtier pour aider la conception.Les travaux effectueÌs sur diffeÌrentes probleÌmatiques industrielles ont conduit aÌ prendre en consideÌration deux natures de connaissances relevant du « domaine produit » et de la « diversiteÌ produit » conduisant aÌ des probleÌmatiques industrielles diffeÌrentes : la premieÌre nature de connaissance recouvre aussi bien des aspects scientifiques et techniques que des reÌgles meÌtier, elle est neÌcessaire pour la deÌfinition du produit et deÌbouche sur des probleÌmatiques dâaide aÌ la conception de produit ; la seconde nature est une connaissance lieÌe aÌ la diversiteÌ des produits, qui deÌbouche sur les probleÌmatiques dâaide aÌ la personnalisation ou configuration de produit.Nous visons aÌ aider un type de conception plutoÌt « routinier » ouÌ de la connaissance de diffeÌrentes natures et de divers types existe du fait de la reÌcurrence de lâactiviteÌ. Nous consideÌrons de plus dans nos travaux que lâaide aÌ la conception ou configuration peut se formaliser, compleÌtement ou partiellement, comme un probleÌme de satisfaction de contraintes (CSP). Dans ce cadre, nous nous inteÌressons plus speÌcifiquement aÌ lâaide aÌ la deÌcision interactive exploitant les principes de filtrage ou de propagation de contraintes. Notre objectif se deÌcline alors en lâaccompagnement des concepteurs dans la construction des solutions reÌpondant au mieux aÌ leurs probleÌmes, en retirant progressivement de lâespace des solutions, celles qui ne sont plus coheÌrentes avec les deÌcisions prises, en estimant celles-ci au fil de leur construction et/ou en les optimisant.en compleÌment, nous associons aÌ ce formalisme aÌ base de contraintes CSP :- des ontologies pour structurer les connaissances et faciliter leur reÌutilisateion sur lâensemble du cycle de deÌveloppement,- des approches par analogie exploitant de la connaissance contextuelle encapsuleÌe dans des cas afin de proposer aÌ lâutilisateur des recommandations quant aux choix de valeurs,- des approches eÌvolutionnaires pour optimiser la recherche des solutions de manieÌre multicriteÌre
Formalisation et exploitation de connaissances et dâexpĂ©riences pour lâaide Ă la dĂ©cision dans les processus dâingĂ©nierie systĂšme
Ce manuscrit dâhabilitation Ă diriger des recherche synthĂ©tise mon activitĂ© professionnelle en enseignement et en recherche depuis lâobtention de mon poste de maĂźtre de confĂ©rences en 2001. AprĂšs lâobtention de mon diplĂŽme de doctorat, prĂ©parĂ© au Laboratoire GĂ©nie de Production (LGP) entre 1997 et 2000 sous la direction de Bernard Grabot, jâai obtenu mon poste de maĂźtre de confĂ©rences Ă lâUniversitĂ© de Bretagne Sud Ă Lorient (UBS). Durant une pĂ©riode de trois annĂ©es dans cette universitĂ© et au Laboratoire dâElectronique des SystĂšmes Temps RĂ©els (LESTER devenu LAB-STICC par la suite), jâai pu dĂ©velopper des activitĂ©s de recherche dans le domaine de la conception et de la reconfiguration des systĂšmes automatisĂ©s de type SystĂšmes Transitiques. Suite Ă ma mutation Ă lâEcole Nationale dâIngĂ©nieurs de Tarbes en 2004, jâai poursuivi mes activitĂ©s de recherche au Laboratoire GĂ©nie de Production (LGP) en lien avec le dĂ©veloppement dâoutils dâaide âa la dĂ©cision dans les processus dâingĂ©nierie systĂšme basĂ©s sur lâexploitation de connaissances et dâexpĂ©riences. En enseignement, depuis 2001, mes activitĂ©s sont partagĂ©es entre le gĂ©nie industriel et lâinformatique.
Ce document est structuré en deux parties :
1. la premiĂšre partie permet dâexposer, dans mon Curriculum Vitae dĂ©taillĂ©, un bilan de mes activitĂ©s dâenseignant-chercheur. Mon parcours professionnel, mes activitĂ©s dâenseignement et un bilan de mes activitĂ©s de recherche sont exposĂ©s de maniĂšre synthĂ©tique. Dans un premier temps, les enseignements dont jâai eu la responsabilitĂ© (conception et ou rĂ©alisation) ainsi que les documents pĂ©dagogiques produits et les volumes horaires sont exposĂ©s. Ensuite, les encadrements de chercheurs (doctorants, masters et post-doctorat), les projets institutionnels (FUI et ANR) dans lesquels jâai pris des responsabilitĂ©s, les partenariats avec des entreprises dans le cadre de contrats CIFRE, mes activitĂ©s dâanimation de la recherche au niveau national et international font partie de ce bilan. Cette section se termine par la liste exhaustive de mes publications et communications (section 3.5) rĂ©alisĂ©es depuis le dĂ©but de mon activitĂ© de chercheur, en 1997,
2. la seconde partie synthétise mes activités de recherche réalisées depuis 2001. Cette seconde partie
est prĂ©sentĂ©e selon 6 chapitres. Le chapitre 1 permet dâexposer la problĂ©matique globale de mes
travaux de recherche. Elle est orientĂ©e par un modĂšle Ă trois niveaux (Processus, Outils, ExpĂ©riences / Connaissances) et Ă©tayĂ©e par un premier niveau dâĂ©tude bibliographique. Le niveau de dĂ©tail choisi permet de comprendre cette problĂ©matique dans sa globalitĂ©. Les processus ciblĂ©s, les outils dĂ©veloppĂ©s, les connaissances exploitĂ©es sont prĂ©sentĂ©s au regard de la littĂ©rature dans les diffĂ©rents domaines. Les chapitres 2 Ă 5 fournissent quant Ă eux un niveau de dĂ©tail plus fin.
Ils permettent de prĂ©senter les problĂ©matiques de maniĂšre affinĂ©e, les dĂ©veloppements rĂ©alisĂ©s et les contributions scientifiques majeures. Lâobjectif est de fournir des Ă©lĂ©ments qui soient utiles Ă la comprĂ©hension de mon activitĂ© de recherche mais, Ă©galement, dâen favoriser lâexploitation ultĂ©rieure. Enfin, dans le chapitre 6, la conclusion permet de prendre le recul nĂ©cessaire au travaux rĂ©alisĂ©s et de proposer mon projet de recherche pour les annĂ©es Ă venir
Ethics in Higher Education : Values-driven Leaders for the Future
The values and virtues practised in universities heavily influence the leaders
of the future, but outside the limelight of excelling education institutions
there is a concerning violation of good practises and rise in unethical
behaviour. This book offers diverse insights from 19 different authors,
writing from eight countries in five continents, providing explanations and
recommendations for the ethical crisis present around the world which
can be mitigated by suitable education in ethics, particularly in higher
education institutions
Cultural values change in the rehabilitation of historic schools in Portugal
Despite the importance of the preservation of the historic built environment for the benefit of
present and future generations, there is a lack of knowledge of the effects of architectural
rehabilitation decisions on the cultural significance of historic buildings. Architectural heritage
conservation literature has focused almost exclusively on providing principles and guidelines,
describing intervention methodologies, and discussing predicted impacts of design on material
values. This thesis argues that a focus on the actual effects is needed if the sociocultural
sustainability of historic buildings significance is to be achieved. Supported by an extensive
literature review and informed by personal insights from the researcherâs everyday practice,
an adapted model of the Theory of Change based on Weiss (1995) was designed, providing a
tool to evaluate the effects of rehabilitation on cultural significance [ERECS].
Using a selection of six recently rehabilitated historic secondary schools in Portugal (liceus),
this research investigated architectural decisions and their effects on the cultural values of this
building typology for education, focusing on three objectives, corresponding to three stages of
interventions: understanding the existing cultural significance, identifying the design strategies
applied and assessing the short-term effects of design decisions on the cultural values.
Stressing the role of stakeholders in rehabilitation processes, data were collected from the
buildings and architectural projects, the decision makers in the conservation process, and the
school community.
Although confirming that the evaluation of the effects of architectural decisions on cultural
values is a complex task, the findings demonstrate that the historic liceus have historical,
architectural and sociocultural values, and whilst strategies did not value social values,
material cultural values were generally considered and preserved, contributing to the
enhancement of intangible values. The implications of this theory-based and evidence-based
research highlight the importance of evaluating actual effects for cultural heritage theory,
architectural conservation practice and heritage management policy