6,579 research outputs found
The Earliest Phases of Star formation (EPoS): Temperature, density, and kinematic structure of the star-forming core CB 17
Context: The initial conditions for the gravitational collapse of molecular
cloud cores and the subsequent birth of stars are still not well constrained.
The characteristic cold temperatures (about 10 K) in such regions require
observations at sub-millimetre and longer wavelengths. The Herschel Space
Observatory and complementary ground-based observations presented in this paper
have the unprecedented potential to reveal the structure and kinematics of a
prototypical core region at the onset of stellar birth.
Aims: This paper aims to determine the density, temperature, and velocity
structure of the star-forming Bok globule CB 17. This isolated region is known
to host (at least) two sources at different evolutionary stages: a dense core,
SMM1, and a Class I protostar, IRS.
Methods: We modeled the cold dust emission maps from 100 micron to 1.2 mm
with both a modified blackbody technique to determine the optical
depth-weighted line-of-sight temperature and column density and a ray-tracing
technique to determine the core temperature and volume density structure.
Furthermore, we analysed the kinematics of CB17 using the high-density gas
tracer N2H+.
Results: From the ray-tracing analysis, we find a temperature in the centre
of SMM1 of 10.6 K, a flat density profile with radius 9500 au, and a central
volume density of n(H) = 2.3x10^5 cm-3. The velocity structure of the N2H+
observations reveal global rotation with a velocity gradient of 4.3 km/s/pc.
Superposed on this rotation signature we find a more complex velocity field,
which may be indicative of differential motions within the dense core.
Conclusions: SMM is a core in an early evolutionary stage at the verge of
being bound, but the question of whether it is a starless or a protostellar
core remains unanswered.Comment: published in A&
The Whole is Greater than the Sum of the Parts: Optimizing the Joint Science Return from LSST, Euclid and WFIRST
The focus of this report is on the opportunities enabled by the combination
of LSST, Euclid and WFIRST, the optical surveys that will be an essential part
of the next decade's astronomy. The sum of these surveys has the potential to
be significantly greater than the contributions of the individual parts. As is
detailed in this report, the combination of these surveys should give us
multi-wavelength high-resolution images of galaxies and broadband data covering
much of the stellar energy spectrum. These stellar and galactic data have the
potential of yielding new insights into topics ranging from the formation
history of the Milky Way to the mass of the neutrino. However, enabling the
astronomy community to fully exploit this multi-instrument data set is a
challenging technical task: for much of the science, we will need to combine
the photometry across multiple wavelengths with varying spectral and spatial
resolution. We identify some of the key science enabled by the combined surveys
and the key technical challenges in achieving the synergies.Comment: Whitepaper developed at June 2014 U. Penn Workshop; 28 pages, 3
figure
Reconstructing cosmic growth with kSZ observations in the era of Stage IV experiments
Future ground-based CMB experiments will generate competitive large-scale
structure datasets by precisely characterizing CMB secondary anisotropies over
a large fraction of the sky. We describe a method for constraining the growth
rate of structure to sub-1% precision out to , using a combination
of galaxy cluster peculiar velocities measured using the kinetic
Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (kSZ) effect, and the velocity field reconstructed from
galaxy redshift surveys. We consider only thermal SZ-selected cluster samples,
which will consist of sources for Stage 3 and 4 CMB
experiments respectively. Three different methods for separating the kSZ effect
from the primary CMB are compared, including a novel blind "constrained
realization" method that improves signal-to-noise by a factor of over
a commonly-used aperture photometry technique. Measurements of the integrated
tSZ -parameter are used to break the kSZ velocity-optical depth degeneracy,
and the effects of including CMB polarization and SZ profile uncertainties are
also considered. A combination of future Stage 4 experiments should be able to
measure the product of the growth and expansion rates, , to
better than 1% in bins of out to -- competitive
with contemporary redshift-space distortion constraints from galaxy surveys.Comment: 16 pages, 8 figure
Spectroscopic Confusion: Its Impact on Current and Future Extragalactic HI Surveys
We present a comprehensive model to predict the rate of spectroscopic
confusion in HI surveys, and demonstrate good agreement with the observable
confusion in existing surveys. Generically the action of confusion on the HI
mass function was found to be a suppression of the number count of sources
below the `knee', and an enhancement above it. This results in a bias, whereby
the `knee' mass is increased and the faint end slope is steepened. For ALFALFA
and HIPASS we find that the maximum impact this bias can have on the Schechter
fit parameters is similar in magnitude to the published random errors. On the
other hand, the impact of confusion on the HI mass functions of upcoming medium
depth interferometric surveys, will be below the level of the random errors. In
addition, we find that previous estimates of the number of detections for
upcoming surveys with SKA-precursor telescopes may have been too optimistic, as
the framework implemented here results in number counts between 60% and 75% of
those previously predicted, while accurately reproducing the counts of existing
surveys. Finally, we argue that any future single dish, wide area surveys of HI
galaxies would be best suited to focus on deep observations of the local
Universe (z < 0.05), as confusion may prevent them from being competitive with
interferometric surveys at higher redshift, while their lower angular
resolution allows their completeness to be more easily calibrated for nearby
extended sources.Comment: Accepted to MNRAS, 14 pages, 9 figures, 2 table
Development and Application of Hybrid Wray-Agarwal Turbulence Model and Large-Eddy Simulation
Rapid development in computing power in past five decades along with the development and progress in building blocks of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technology has made CFD an indispensable tool for modern engineering analysis and design of fluid-based products and systems. For CFD analysis, Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations are currently the most widely used fluid equations in the industry. RANS methods require modeling of turbulence effect (i.e. turbulence modeling) based on empirical relations and therefore often produce low accuracy results for many flows. In recent years, the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) approach has been developed which has shown promise of achieving higher accuracy, however it is computationally very intensive and therefore has remained limited to computing relatively simple flows from low to moderate Reynolds numbers. As a result, a hybrid technique called Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) has been proposed in recent years. This technique has shown improved accuracy and computational efficiency for solution of wide variety of complex turbulent flows. The goal of this dissertation has been to develop a DES model based on a recently proposed very promising RANS model, known as the ‘Wray-Agarwal (WA)’ model and the LES. Decaying Isotropic Turbulence (DIT) case is computed to determine the coefficient in the DES model by matching its energy spectrum with the Kolmogorov spectrum. The new WA-DES model (DES model based on WA model) is applied to compute a wide variety of wall bounded separated flows to assess it accuracy and computational efficiency compared to the widely used RANS turbulence models in the industry, namely the Spalart-Allmaras (SA) and SST k-ω models. Improved Delayed-Detached Eddy Simulation (IDDES) and Elliptic Blending are also considered as further refinements of WA model to improve its accuracy
KiDS-i-800: Comparing weak gravitational lensing measurements in same-sky surveys
We present a weak gravitational lensing analysis of 815 square degree of
-band imaging from the Kilo-Degree Survey (KiDS--800). In contrast to the
deep -band observations, which take priority during excellent seeing
conditions and form the primary KiDS dataset (KiDS--450), the complementary
yet shallower KiDS--800 spans a wide range of observing conditions. The
overlapping KiDS--800 and KiDS--450 imaging therefore provides a unique
opportunity to assess the robustness of weak lensing measurements. In our
analysis, we introduce two new `null' tests. The `nulled' two-point shear
correlation function uses a matched catalogue to show that the calibrated
KiDS--800 and KiDS--450 shear measurements agree at the level of \%. We use five galaxy lens samples to determine a `nulled' galaxy-galaxy
lensing signal from the full KiDS--800 and KiDS--450 surveys and find
that the measurements agree to \% when the KiDS--800 source
redshift distribution is calibrated using either spectroscopic redshifts, or
the 30-band photometric redshifts from the COSMOS survey.Comment: 24 pages, 20 figures. Submitted to MNRAS. Comments welcom
Green Energy Technology
This book, entitled “The Green Energy Technology”, covers technologies, products, equipment, and devices, as well as energy services, based on software and data protected by patents and/or trademarks. The recent trends underline the principles of a circular economy such as sustainable product design, extending the product’s lifecycle, reusability, and recycling. These are highly related to climate change and environmental impact, and limited natural resources require scientific research and novel technical solutions. This book will serve as a collection of the latest scientific and technological approaches to “green”—i.e., environmentally friendly and sustainable—technologies. While the focus is on energy and bioenergy, it also covers "green" solutions in all aspects of industrial engineering. Green Energy Technology addresses researchers, advanced students, technical consultants and decision-makers in industries and politics. This book is a comprehensive overview and in-depth technical research paper addressing recent progress in Green Energy Technology. We hope that readers will enjoy reading this book
A Definitive Survey for Lyman Limit Systems at z~3.5 with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
We perform a semi-automated survey for tau>=2 Lyman Limit systems (LLSs) in
quasar spectra from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, Data Release 7. From a
starting sample of 2473 quasars with zem=3.6-4.4, we analyze 469 spectra
meeting strict seletion criteria for a total redshift path Dz=93.8 and identify
192 intervening systems at z>3.3. The incidence of tau>=2 LLSs per unit
redshift, l(z), is well described by a single-power law at these redshifts:
l(z) = C_LLS [(1+z)/(1+z_*)]^gamma, with z_*=3.7, C_LLS = 1.9+/-0.2, and gamma
= 5.2+/-1.5 (68% c.l.). These values are systematically lower than previous
estimates (especially at z<4) but are consistent with recent measurements of
the mean free path to ionizing radiation. Extrapolations of this power-law to
z=0 are inconsistent with previous estimations of l(z) at z<1 and suggest a
break at z~2, similar to that observed for the Lya forest. Our results also
indicate that the systems giving rise to LLS absorption decrease by ~50% in
comoving number density and/or physical size from z=4 to 3.3, perhaps due to an
enhanced extragalactic ultraviolet background. The observations place an
integral constraint on the HI frequency distribution f(N_HI,X) and indicate
that the power-law slope beta= dln[f(N,X)]/dln[N] is likely shallower than beta
= -1 at N_HI=10^18 cm^-2. Including other constraints on f(N_HI,X) from the
literature, we infer that beta is steeper than beta = -1.7 at N_HI~10^15 cm^-2,
implying at least two inflections in f(N_HI,X). We also perform a survey for
proximate LLSs (PLLSs) and find that l(z)_PLLS is systematically lower ~25%
than intervening systems. Finally, we estimate that systematic effects impose
an uncertainty of 10-20% in the l(z) measurements; these effects may limit the
precision of all future surveys.Comment: 26 pages, 17 figures (most in color). Submitted to Ap
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