A Comparative Analysis on IoT Communication Protocols for Future Internet Applications

With the emergence of 5G, the Internet of Things (IoT) will bring about the next industrial revolution in the name of Industry 4.0. The communication aspect of IoT devices is one of the most important factors in choosing the right device for the right usage. So far, the IoT physical layer communication challenges have been met with various communications protocols that provide varying strengths and weaknesses. And most of them are wireless protocols due to the sheer number of device requirements for IoT. In this paper, we summarize the network architectures of some of the most popular IoT wireless communications protocols. We also present them side by side and provide a comparative analysis revolving around some key features, including power consumption, coverage, data rate, security, cost, and Quality of Service (QoS). This comparative study shows that LTE-based protocols like NB-IoT and LTE-M can offer better QoS and robustness, while the Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) Band based protocols like LoRa, Sigfox, and Z-wave claim their place in usage where lower power consumption and lesser device complexity are desired. Based on their respective strengths and weaknesses, the study also presents an application perspective of the suitability of each protocol in a certain type of scenario and addresses some open issues that need to be researched in the future. Thus, this study can assist in the decision making regarding choosing the most suitable protocol for a certain field

Home-Based Activities for Children with Speech Sound Disorders:Requirements for a Tangible User Interface for Internet of Things Artefacts

This paper presents the state of the art regarding the use of tangible user interfaces for internet of artefacts (IoA) targeting health applications, with a focus on speech and language therapy and related areas, targeting home-based interventions, including data security and privacy issues. Results from a systematic literature review, focus group, and a nationwide questionnaire have been used to determine the system requirements for an artefact prototype to be developed. The aim of this study was to understand what is the usual practice of clinicians and to contribute to a better intervention or post-intervention approach for children with Speech Sound Disorders (SSD). The literature review revealed that some studies proposed technological solutions while others used a social approach and/or gamified activities. We could conclude that more research is needed and that a unified method or framework to address SSD intervention or post-intervention tools is lacking. Clinicians need more and better tools to be able to quantify and qualitatively assess the activities developed at home

Comparación de protocolos de comunicación para internet de las cosas (IoT)

La finalidad del presente artículo es contrastar los protocolos de comunicación para Internet de las Cosas (IoT), para esto, se aplica el Estudio de Mapeo Sistemático por medio del cual se realizan búsquedas en plataformas como IEEE Xplore y Scopus, así también con el Método AHP (Proceso Analítico Jerárquico) de esta forma se extraen las características más relevantes como seguridad, calidad de servicio, eficiencia energética, banda ancha y latencia de los protocolos de comunicación (HTTP, MQTT,DDS,XMPP,AMQP y CoAP). Posteriormente se utilizan estos criterios para el Método AHP obteniendo como resultado que el protocolo CoAP ofrece un 26% de seguridad, 24% de latencia, 21% de efectividad energética mayor a los demás protocolos y un 22% y 19% de ancho de banda y calidad de servicio respectivamente, seguido del protocolo MQTT con 24% de seguridad,14% de latencia,14% de efectividad energética,12% de ancho de banda y un 24% de calidad de servicio mayor a los demás protocolos sin dejar de lado a AMQP con 16% de seguridad,17% de latencia,19% de efectividad energética,12 % de ancho de banda y 15% de calidad de servicio, este protocolo a pesar de tener porcentajes aceptables para IoT requiere de más recursos físicos con los que se deben trabajar, tal es el caso de HTTP y MQTT.The purpose of this article is to contrast the communication protocols for the Internet of Things (IoT), for this, the Systematic Mapping Study is applied through which searches are made in platforms such as IEEE Xplore and Scopus, as well as with the AHP Method (Hierarchical Analytical Process) in this way the most relevant characteristics such as security are extracted, quality of service, energy efficiency, broadband and latency of communication protocols (HTTP, MQTT, DDS, XMPP, AMQP and CoAP). Subsequently, these criteria are used for the AHP Method obtaining as a result that the CoAP protocol offers 26% security, 24% latency, 21% of energy effectiveness greater than the other protocols and 22% and 19% of bandwidth and quality of service respectively, followed by the MQTT protocol with 24% security, 14% latency, 14% of energy effectiveness, 12% of bandwidth and 24% of quality of service greater than the other protocols without neglecting AMQP with 16% security, 17% of latency, 19% of energy effectiveness, 12% of bandwidth and 15% of quality of service, this protocol despite having acceptable percentages for IoT requires more physical resources with which to work, such is the case with HTTP and MQTT

A Systematic Review of IoT Communication Strategies for an Efficient Smart Environment

The massive increase in actuators, industrial devices, health-care devices, and sensors, have led to the implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT), fast and flexible information technology communication between the devices. As such, responding to the needs in speedily way, and matching the smart services with modified requirements, IoT communications have facilitated the interconnections of things between applications, users, and smart devices. In order to gain extra advantage of the numerous services of the Internet. In this paper, the authors first, provided a comprehensive analysis on the IoT communication strategies and applications for smart devices based on a Systematic Literature Review (SLR). Then, the communication strategies and applications are categorized into four main topics including device to device, device to cloud, device to gateway and device to application scenarios. Furthermore, a technical taxonomy is presented to classify the existing papers according to search-based methodology in the scientific databases. The technical taxonomy presents five categories for IoT communication applications including monitoring-based communications, routing-based communications, health-based communications, Intrusion-based communications, and resource-based communications. The evaluation factors and infrastructure attributes are discussed based on some technical questions. Finally, some new challenges and forthcoming issues of future IoT communications are presented

Investigate Communication Protocols for IoT Application: Sensor Based Review

Internet of Things (IoT) is the hot topic in the field of technology nowadays. We want everything to be automated in our daily life. A huge revolution has been brought by IoT in the history of Internet. IoT enables smart devices to collect specific data and exchange data among them. Exchanging data between smart devices usually occurs through some IoT communication protocol. Efficiency of a protocol depends in so many things such as Data Packet Rate, Security, Bandwidth, Communication overhead, Support of Quality of Service (QoS) level. In this research, some IoT protocols will be compared based on their efficiency and the protocols can be MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport), CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol), AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol). RuuviTag sensor (a wireless BLE device) will be connected to a mobile app though BLE (Bluetooth Low Ener-gy). Though these protocols data from RuuviTag sensor will be transmitted among clients. These protocols will be compared based on their implementation complexity, data accuracy, application scalability, security. These comparison metrices among protocols will reveal the efficient protocol. The findings of this research will facilitate to a better understanding of the efficiency elements that are involved with IoT communication protocol by illuminating their performance traits and potential drawbacks. This research aims to identify the most suitable protocol based on the specific requirements of the endeavor. By carefully evaluating and analyzing the needs of the investigation, this study will contribute to the selection of an ap-propriate communication protocol. This research analyses the gaps and barriers of selecting an efficient protocol, and in order to improve the process this research will propose potential directions for future research

IoT Protocols And Security

During the past years, there has been an exponential growth of internet connected devices all over the world. In future the growth of these devices is expected to grow at the higher rate. There are some studies estimating that Internet of Things (IoT) will be able to connects 500 billion devices by 2030. IoT smart devices are remotely accessible and are possible to control using existing network infrastructure. At present, the usage of Internet of Things has increased rapidly. IoT is a dynamic global network between smart objects or things connected over the internet. IoT wireless network can connect anyone with anything at any place. With the rapid growth of IoT, security threats and vulnerabilities of the linked objects are also increasing continuously. Now, IoT security has become the most paramount technological research work over the world. The main objective of all IoT applications is to maintaining privacy and secure data transmission between devices. Due to the heterogeneous characteristics and constrained devices it is challenging to deploy security mechanisms in IoT compare to traditional network. In this thesis, we highlight the importance of security in the IoT sector by studying a wide range of IoT security issues. Furthermore, we described several challenges derived from the existing IoT protocols and the security features of IoT protocols are also explained. In addition, implementation of UDP communication protocol and MQTT protocol using Contiki OS and Zolertia RE-Mote devices are added to the work. Cryptographic methods AES [1] and ECC [2] are described in the thesis and the implementation of AES-128 to secure device communication and ECC key generation process are also added to the thesis work

ThinkingSkins:

New technologies and automation concepts emerge in the digitalization of our environment. This is, for example, reflected by intelligent production systems in Industry 4.0. A core aspect of such systems is their cyber-physical implementation, which aims to increase productivity and flexibility through embedded computing capacities and the cooperation of decentrally networked production plants. This development stage of automation has not yet been achieved in the current state-of-the-art of façades. Being responsible for the execution of adaptive measures, façade automation is part of hierarchically and centrally organised Building Automation Systems (BAS). The research project ThinkingSkins is guided by the hypothesis that, aiming at an enhanced overall building performance, façades can be implemented as cyber-physical systems. Accordingly, it addresses the research question: How can cyber-physical systems be applied to façades, in order to enable coordinated adaptations of networked individual façade functions? The question is approached in four partial investigations. First, a comprehensive understanding of intelligent systems in both application fields, façades and Industry 4.0, is elaborated by a literature review. Subsequently, relevant façade functions are identified by a second literature review in a superposition matrix, which also incorporates characteristics for a detailed assessment of each function’s adaptive capacities. The third investigation focuses on existing conditions in building practice by means of a multiple case study analysis. Finally, the technical feasibility of façades implemented as cyber-physical systems is investigated by developing a prototype. The research project identifies the possibility and promising potential of cyberphysical façades. As result, the doctoral dissertation provides a conceptual framework for the implementation of such systems in building practice and for further research

Thinking- Skins

Under the guiding concept of a thinking skin, the research project examines the transferability of cyber-physical systems to the application field of façades. It thereby opens up potential increases in the performance of automated and adaptive façade systems and provides a conceptual framework for further research and development of intelligent building envelopes in the current age of digital transformation. The project is characterized by the influence of digital architectural design methods and the associated computational processing of information in the design process. The possible establishment of relationships and dependencies in an architecture understood as a system, in particular, are the starting point for the conducted investigation. With the available automation technologies, the possibility of movable building constructions, and existing computer-based control systems, the technical preconditions for the realisation of complex and active buildings exist today. Against this background, dynamic and responsive constructions that allow adaptations in the operation of the building are a current topic in architecture. In the application field of the building envelope, the need for such designs is evident, particularly with regards to the concrete field of adaptive façades. In its mediating role, the façade is confronted with the dynamic influences of the external microclimate of a building and the changing comfort demands of the indoor climate. The objective in the application of adaptive façades is to increase building efficiency by balancing dynamic influencing factors and requirements. Façade features are diverse and with the increasing integration of building services, both the scope of fulfilled façade functions and the complexity of today’s façades increase. One challenge is the coordination of adaptive functions to ensure effective reactions of the façade as a complete system. The ThinkingSkins research project identifies cyber-physical systems as a possible solution to this challenge. This involves the close integration of physical systems with their digital control. Important features are the decentralized organization of individual system constituents and their cooperation via an exchange of information. Developments in recent decades, such as the miniaturisation of computer technology and the availability of the Internet, have established the technical basis required for these developments. Cyber-physical systems are already employed in many fields of application. Examples are decentralized energy supply, or transportation systems with autonomous vehicles. The influence is particularly evident in the transformation of the industrial sector to Industry 4.0, where formerly mechatronic production plants are networked into intelligent technical systems with the aim of achieving higher and more flexible productivity. In the ThinkingSkins research project it is assumed that the implementation of cyber-physical systems based on the role model of cooperating production plants in IIndustry 4.0 can contribute to an increase in the performance of façades. Accordingly, the research work investigates a possible transfer of cyber-physical systems to the application field of building envelopes along the research question: How can cyber-physical systems be applied to façades, in order to enable coordinated adaptations of networked individual façade functions? To answer this question, four partial studies are carried out, which build upon each other. The first study is based on a literature review, in which the understanding and the state-of-the-art development of intelligent façade systems is examined in comparison to the exemplary field of application of cyber-physical systems in the manufacturing industry. In the following partial study, a second literature search identifies façade functions that can be considered as components of a cyber-physical façade due to their adaptive feasibility and their effect on the façade performance. For the evaluation of the adaptive capabilities, characteristics of their automated and adaptive implementation are assigned to the identified façade functions. The resulting superposition matrix serves as an organizational tool for the third investigation of the actual conditions in construction practice. In a multiple case study, realized façade projects in Germany are examined with regard to their degree of automation and adaptivity. The investigation includes interviews with experts involved in the projects as well as field studies on site. Finally, an experimental examination of the technical feasibility of cyber-physical façade systems is carried out through the development of a prototype. In the sense of an internet of façade functions, the automated adaptive façade functions ventilation, sun protection as well as heating and cooling are implemented in decentrally organized modules. They are connected to a digital twin and can exchange data with each other via a communication protocol. The research project shows that the application field of façades has not yet been exploited for the implementation of cyber-physical systems. With the automation technologies used in building practice, however, many technical preconditions for the development of cyber-physical façade systems already exist. Many features of such a system are successfully implemented within the study by the development of a prototype. The research project therefore comes to the conclusion that the application of cyber-physical systems to the façade is possible and offers a promising potential for the effective use of automation technologies. Due to the lack of artificial intelligence and machine learning strategies, the project does not achieve the goal of developing a façade in the sense of a true ThinkingSkin as the title indicates. A milestone is achieved by the close integration of the physical façade system with a decentralized and integrated control system. In this sense, the researched cyber-physical implementation of façades represents a conceptual framework for the realisation of corresponding systems in building practice, and a pioneer for further research of ThinkingSkins

Arquitetura IOT para pequenos produtores de frango de corte do Paraná : proposta multiplataforma para gestão de dados

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Egon Walter WildauerCoorientador: Prof. Dr. André Bellin MarianoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gestão da Informação. Defesa : Curitiba, 28/04/2023Inclui referênciasResumo: A conexão de dados entre máquinas e pessoas é um dos pilares da Indústria 4.0 e da geração da Internet das Coisas (IoT- Internet of Things), favorecendo a produtividade na saúde, manufatura, logística e cidades inteligentes. No caso do agronegócio brasileiro, as projeções indicam uma menor difusão dessas tecnologias, porque ainda existe a dificuldade na adesão massiva de produtores rurais a novas tecnologias, principalmente no setor primário. Além da dependência de tecnologias estrangeiras; estas questões acabam gerando um cenário de seletividade social e tecnológica no qual por vezes, apenas grandes produtores rurais aderem às tecnologias da indústria 4.0. Outro aspecto encontrado na literatura é a ausência de identificação dos usuários com aplicativos para IoT existentes, ou seja, os usuários do contexto rural encontram dificuldade na utilização destas interfaces gráficas e acabam por abandoná-las. Neste contexto, esta tese tem por objetivo propor uma arquitetura informacional baseada em Internet das Coisas que seja open source, baixo custo e multiplataforma para pequenos produtores do setor de avicultura de corte. Para atingir os objetivos propostos foi realizado o mapeamento de necessidades, prioridades e lacunas tecnológicas com os atores da cadeia produtiva. A partir dessas informações o sistema foi modelado e construído contemplando os requisitos da camada física com o registrador de dados e a partes lógicas do back-end e front-end. A proposta também foi avaliada na perspectiva da experiência do usuário e validada estatisticamente com relação a seu impacto na melhora real do desempenho financeiro dos avicultores. Os resultados mostraram que houve um maior faturamento do produtor no lote com a arquitetura implementada comparada aos lotes anteriores à pesquisa. Outros resultados indicaram que os dados coletados pela arquitetura IoT da pesquisa foram estatisticamente significativas quando comparados aos dados de um sistema comercial implementado em um produtor de frango de médio porte. Foi possível concluir que pequenos produtores que fizerem uso desta ferramenta poderão tomar melhores decisões, identificar um baixo desempenho e agir de forma rápida, de baixo custo, simples e ergonômica para atender às exigências de competitividade internacional, quando em comparação com outros produtores da mesma região.Abstract: The data connection between machines and people is one of the pillars of Industry 4.0 and the generation of the Internet of Things (IoT), favoring productivity in healthcare, manufacturing, logistics, and smart cities. In the case of agribusiness 4.0, projections indicate a lower diffusion of these technologies because there is still difficulty in the mass adoption of new technologies by rural producers, especially in the primary sector, and a dependence on foreign technologies. These issues generate a scenario of social and technological selectivity in which only large rural producers sometimes adhere to Industry 4.0 technologies. Another aspect found in the literature is the lack of identification of users with existing IoT applications, that is, users in rural contexts find it difficult to use these graphical interfaces and end up abandoning them. In this context, this thesis aims to propose an information architecture based on the Internet of Things that is open source, low-cost, and multi-platform for small producers in the broiler poultry sector. To achieve the proposed objectives, mapping of needs and priorities was carried out with actors in the production chain, including technological gaps. With this information, the system was modeled and built, including the physical layer with the data logger and the logical part of the back-end and front-end. The proposal was also evaluated from the perspective of user experience and statistically validated with regard to its impact on the real improvement of the financial performance of poultry farmers. The results showed that there was higher revenue for the producer in the lot with the implemented architecture compared to the lots prior to the research. Other results indicated that the data collected by the research IoT architecture was statistically significant when compared to the data from a commercial system implemented in a medium-sized chicken producer. It was possible to conclude that small producers who make use of this tool will be able to make better decisions, identify low performance, and act quickly, inexpensively, simply, and ergonomically to meet the demands of international competitiveness when compared to other producers in the same region

Building the field component of a smart irrigation system: A detailed experience of a computer science graduate

South Africa is a semi-arid area with an average annual rainfall of approximately 450mm, 60 per cent of which goes towards irrigation. Current irrigation systems generally apply water in a uniform manner across a field, which is both inefficient and can kill the plants. The Internet of Things (IoT), an emerging technology involving the utilization of sensors and actuators to build complex feedback systems, present an opportunity to build a smart irrigation solution. This research project illustrates the development of the field components of a water monitoring system using off the shelf and inexpensive components, exploring at the same time how easy or difficult it would be for a general Computer Science graduate to use hardware components and associated tools within the IoT area. The problem was initially broken down through a classical top-down process, in order to identify the components such as micro-computers, micro- controllers, sensors and network connections, that would be needed to build the solution. I then selected the Raspberry Pi 3, the Arduino Arduino Uno, the MH-Sensor-Series hygrometer, the MQTT messaging protocol, and the ZigBee communication protocol as implemented in the XBee S2C. Once the components were identified, the work followed a bottom-up approach: I studied the components in isolation and relative to each other, through a structured series of experiments, with each experiment addressing a specific component and examining how easy was to use the component. While each experiment allowed the author to acquire and deepen her understanding of each component, and progressively built a more sophisticated prototype, towards the complete solution. I found the vast majority of the identified components and tools to be easy to use, well documented, and most importantly, mature for consumption by our target user, until I encountered the MQTT-SN (MQTT-Sensor Network) implementation, not as mature as the rest. This resulted in us designing and implementing a light-weight, general ZigBee/MQTT gateway, named “yoGa” (Yonella's Gateway) from the author. At the end of the research, I was able to build the field components of a smart irrigation system using the selected tools, including the yoGa gateway, proving practically that a Computer Science graduate from a South African University can become productive in the emerging IoT area.Thesis (MSc) -- Faculty of Science, Computer Science, 202