388 research outputs found

    50 Years of quantum chromodynamics – Introduction and Review

    Get PDF

    Visuality and Free Verse

    Get PDF
    More than a hundred years after Whitman, vers libre, and the Imagist movement, many poets still have a remarkably indistinct understanding of what it means to write in free verse, as the form is too often defined by what it is not rather than by what it is. In this dissertation, I examine work by Sadakichi Hartmann, Marcel Broodthaers, Philip Metres, and Derik Badman at the limit of what we might consider free verse poetry to argue that free verse is not just a linguistic form but a visual construct that must be “seen” in those terms to be understood. Following my Introduction, Chapter Two examines the early and nearly unclassifiable vers libre of Sadakichi Hartmann, a Whitman acquaintance and early adopter of French Symbolism whose characteristic line in 1898’s Naked Ghosts combines elements of prose poetry, free verse, meter, and rhyme in a package explained as much by his interpretation of Japanese painting as by Whitman or the Symbolists. Even before Imagism, Hartmann wrote verse that functioned, in some ways, like an image itself. Chapter Three investigates the groundbreaking museum installations of Belgian visual artist Marcel Broodthaers, which some critics consider a form of three-dimensional free verse. Broodthaers’s installations encourage a multiperspectival approach to “reading” that consistently breaks its own protocols, shedding light on itself and other linguistic systems to expose the insufficiency of the signifier/signified chain. This chapter also examines the more recent verbal-visual poetry of American poet Philip Metres, who applies Broodthaers’s techniques to page-based free verse. Finally, Chapter Four examines the hybrid form of contemporary American comics poetry, with emphasis on Derik Badman’s Colletta Suite, to argue that comics poetry may be a new form of Charles Olson’s “Projective Verse” and possibly the revitalized dramatic poetry Olson anticipated at the end of his 1950 essay. In each case, free verse steps into the realm of a visuality that was always there ahead of it, waiting for the linguistic elements of the prosody to catch up. By examining these works, we may begin to perceive a more positive than negative definition of the form

    The Fifteenth Marcel Grossmann Meeting

    Get PDF
    The three volumes of the proceedings of MG15 give a broad view of all aspects of gravitational physics and astrophysics, from mathematical issues to recent observations and experiments. The scientific program of the meeting included 40 morning plenary talks over 6 days, 5 evening popular talks and nearly 100 parallel sessions on 71 topics spread over 4 afternoons. These proceedings are a representative sample of the very many oral and poster presentations made at the meeting.Part A contains plenary and review articles and the contributions from some parallel sessions, while Parts B and C consist of those from the remaining parallel sessions. The contents range from the mathematical foundations of classical and quantum gravitational theories including recent developments in string theory, to precision tests of general relativity including progress towards the detection of gravitational waves, and from supernova cosmology to relativistic astrophysics, including topics such as gamma ray bursts, black hole physics both in our galaxy and in active galactic nuclei in other galaxies, and neutron star, pulsar and white dwarf astrophysics. Parallel sessions touch on dark matter, neutrinos, X-ray sources, astrophysical black holes, neutron stars, white dwarfs, binary systems, radiative transfer, accretion disks, quasars, gamma ray bursts, supernovas, alternative gravitational theories, perturbations of collapsed objects, analog models, black hole thermodynamics, numerical relativity, gravitational lensing, large scale structure, observational cosmology, early universe models and cosmic microwave background anisotropies, inhomogeneous cosmology, inflation, global structure, singularities, chaos, Einstein-Maxwell systems, wormholes, exact solutions of Einstein's equations, gravitational waves, gravitational wave detectors and data analysis, precision gravitational measurements, quantum gravity and loop quantum gravity, quantum cosmology, strings and branes, self-gravitating systems, gamma ray astronomy, cosmic rays and the history of general relativity

    Perception of Color Break-Up

    Get PDF
    Hintergrund. Ein farbverfälschender Bildfehler namens Color Break-Up (CBU) wurde untersucht. Störende CBU-Effekte treten auf, wenn Augenbewegungen (z.B. Folgebewegungen oder Sakkaden) während der Content-Wiedergabe über sogenannte Field-Sequential Color (FSC) Displays oder Projektoren ausgeführt werden. Die Ursache für das Auftreten des CBU-Effektes ist die sequenzielle Anzeige der Primärfarben über das FSC-System. Methoden. Ein kombiniertes Design aus empirischer Forschung und theoretischer Modellierung wurde angewendet. Mittels empirischer Studien wurde der Einfluss von hardware-, content- und betrachterbasierten Faktoren auf die CBU-Wahrnehmung der Stichprobe untersucht. Hierzu wurden zunächst Sehleistung (u. a. Farbsehen), Kurzzeitzustand (u. a. Aufmerksamkeit) und Persönlichkeitsmerkmale (u. a. Technikaffinität) der Stichprobe erfasst. Anschließend wurden die Teilnehmenden gebeten, die wahrgenommene CBU-Intensität verschiedener Videosequenzen zu bewerten. Die Sequenzen wurden mit einem FSC-Projektor wiedergegeben. Das verwendete Setup ermöglichte die Untersuchung folgender Variablen: die Größe (1.0 bis 6.0°) und Leuchtdichte (10.0 bis 157.0 cd/m2) des CBU-provozierenden Contents, das Augenbewegungsmuster des Teilnehmenden (Geschwindigkeit der Folgebewegung: 18.0 bis 54.0 °/s; Amplitude der Sakkade: 3.6 bis 28.2°), die Position der Netzhautstimulation (0.0 bis 50.0°) und die Bildrate des Projektors (30.0 bis 420.0 Hz). Korrelationen zwischen den unabhängigen Variablen und der subjektiven CBU-Wahrnehmung wurden getestet. Das ergänzend entwickelte Modell prognostiziert die CBU-Wahrnehmung eines Betrachters auf theoretische Weise. Das Modell rekonstruiert die Intensitäts- und Farbeigenschaften von CBU-Effekten zunächst grafisch. Anschließend wird die visuelle CBU-Rekonstruktion zu repräsentativen Modellindizes komprimiert, um das modellierte Szenario mit einem handhabbaren Satz von Metriken zu quantifizieren. Die Modellergebnisse wurden abschließend mit den empirischen Daten verglichen. Ergebnisse. Die hohe interindividuelle CBU-Variabilität innerhalb der Stichprobe lässt sich nicht durch die Sehleistung, den Kurzzeitzustand oder die Persönlichkeitsmerkmale eines Teilnehmenden erklären. Eindeutig verstärkende Bedingungen der CBU-Wahrnehmung sind: (1) eine foveale Position des CBU-Stimulus, (2) eine reduzierte Stimulusgröße während Sakkaden, (3) eine hohe Bewegungsgeschwindigkeit des Auges und (4) eine niedrige Bildrate des Projektors (Korrelation durch Exponentialfunktion beschreibbar, r2 > .93). Die Leuchtdichte des Stimulus wirkt sich nur geringfügig auf die CBU-Wahrnehmung aus. Generell hilft das Modell, die grundlegenden Prozesse der CBU-Genese zu verstehen, den Einfluss von CBU-Determinanten zu untersuchen und ein Klassifizierungsschema für verschiedene CBU-Varianten zu erstellen. Das Modell prognostiziert die empirischen Daten innerhalb der angegebenen Toleranzbereiche. Schlussfolgerungen. Die Studienergebnisse ermöglichen die Festlegung von Bildraten und Eigenschaften des CBU-provozierenden Content (Größe und Position), die das Überschreiten vordefinierter, störender CBU-Grenzwerte vermeiden. Die abgeleiteten Hardwareanforderungen und Content-Empfehlungen ermöglichen ein praxisnahes und evidenzbasiertes CBU-Management. Für die Vorhersage von CBU kann die Modellgenauigkeit weiter verbessert werden, indem Merkmale der menschlichen Wahrnehmung berücksichtigt werden, z.B. die exzentrizitätsabhängige Netzhautempfindlichkeit oder Änderungen der visuellen Wahrnehmung bei unterschiedlichen Arten von Augenbewegungen. Zur Modellierung dieser Merkmale können teilnehmerbezogene Daten der empirischen Forschung herangezogen werden.Background. A color-distorting artifact called Color Break-Up (CBU) has been investigated. Disturbing CBU effects occur when eye movements (e.g., pursuits or saccades) are performed during the presentation of content on Field-Sequential Color (FSC) display or projection systems where the primary colors are displayed sequentially rather than simultaneously. Methods. A mixed design of empirical research and theoretical modeling was used to address the main research questions. Conducted studies evaluated the impact of hardware-based, content-based, and viewer-based factors on the sample’s CBU perception. In a first step, visual performance parameters (e.g., color vision), short-term state (e.g., attention level), and long-term personality traits (e.g., affinity to technology) of the sample were recorded. Participants were then asked to rate the perceived CBU intensity for different video sequences presented by a FSC-based projector. The applied setup allowed the size of the CBU-provoking content (1.0 to 6.0°), its luminance level (10.0 to 157.0 cd/m2), the participant’s eye movement pattern (pursuits: 18.0 to 54.0 deg/s; saccadic amplitudes: 3.6 to 28.2°), the position of retinal stimulation (0.0 to 50.0°), and the projector’s frame rate (30.0 to 420.0 Hz) to be varied. Correlations between independent variables and subjective CBU perception were tested. In contrast, the developed model predicts a viewer’s CBU perception on an objective basis. The model graphically reconstructs the intensity and color characteristics of CBU effects. The visual CBU reconstruction is then compressed into representative model indices to quantify the modeled scenario with a manageable set of metrics. Finally, the model output was compared to the empirical data. Results. High interindividual CBU variability within the sample cannot be explained by a participant’s visual performance, short-term state or long-term personality traits. Conditions that distinctly elevate the participant’s CBU perception are (1) a foveal stimulus position on the retina, (2) a small-sized stimulus during saccades, (3) a high eye movement velocity, and (4) a low frame rate of the projector (correlation expressed by exponential function, r2 > .93). The stimulus luminance, however, only slightly affects CBU perception. In general, the model helps to understand the fundamental processes of CBU genesis, to investigate the impact of CBU determinants, and to establish a classification scheme for different CBU variants. The model adequately predicts the empirical data within the specified tolerance ranges. Conclusions. The study results allow the determination of frame rates and content characteristics (size and position) that avoid exceeding predefined annoyance thresholds for CBU perception. The derived hardware requirements and content recommendations enable practical and evidence-based CBU management. For CBU prediction, model accuracy can be further improved by considering features of human perception, e.g., eccentricity-dependent retinal sensitivity or changes in visual perception with different types of eye movements. Participant-based data from the empirical research can be used to model these features

    Review of Particle Physics

    Get PDF
    The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 2,143 new measurements from 709 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. Particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theories, Neutrino Mixing, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Cosmology, Particle Detectors, Colliders, Probability and Statistics. Among the 120 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised, including a new review on Machine Learning, and one on Spectroscopy of Light Meson Resonances. The Review is divided into two volumes. Volume 1 includes the Summary Tables and 97 review articles. Volume 2 consists of the Particle Listings and contains also 23 reviews that address specific aspects of the data presented in the Listings. The complete Review (both volumes) is published online on the website of the Particle Data Group (pdg.lbl.gov) and in a journal. Volume 1 is available in print as the PDG Book. A Particle Physics Booklet with the Summary Tables and essential tables, figures, and equations from selected review articles is available in print, as a web version optimized for use on phones, and as an Android app.United States Department of Energy (DOE) DE-AC02-05CH11231government of Japan (Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology)Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)Physical Society of Japan (JPS)European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN)United States Department of Energy (DOE

    Land Perspectives: People, Tenure, Planning, Tools, Space, and Health

    Get PDF
    Good land administration and spatial enablement help to improve people’s living conditions in urban, peri-urban, and rural areas. They protect people’s land rights (including of individuals, communities, and the state) through good governance principles and practices. This makes research concerning land administration practices and geographic (spatial) sciences—whether in developed or developing countries—essential to developing tools or methods for securing natural resource rights for people. In the time of COVID-19, understanding the land and health or wellbeing nexus is also crucial for adequate living conditions for people in living urban, peri-urban, and rural areas. This Special Issue comprises 15 articles (including the editorial) that present insights on theories and practices on land administration and geographic (spatial) sciences in the context of land/water/forest–people–health–wellbeing nexus

    Screening Europe in Australasia

    Get PDF
    Through a detailed study of the circulation of European silent film in Australasia in the early twentieth century, this book challenges the historical myopia that treats Hollywood films as having always dominated global film culture. Before World War I, European silent feature films were ubiquitous in Australia and New Zealand, teaching Antipodean audiences about Continental cultures and familiarizing them with glamorous European stars, from Asta Nielsen to Emil Jannings. After the rise of Hollywood and then the shift to sound film, this history—and its implications for cross-cultural exchange—was lost. Julie K. Allen recovers that history, with its flamboyant participants, transnational currents, innovative genres, and geopolitical complications, bringing it all vividly to life. Making ground-breaking use of digitized Australian and New Zealand newspapers, the author reconstructs the distribution and exhibition of European silent films in the Antipodes, along the way incorporating compelling biographical sketches of the ambitious pioneers of the Australasian cinema industry. She reveals the complexity and competitiveness of the early cinema market, in a region with high consumer demand and low domestic production, and frames the dramatic shift to almost exclusively American cinema programming during World War I, contextualizing the rise of the art film in the 1920s in competition with mainstream Hollywood productions

    Prior experience modulates top-down predictive processing in the ventral visual areas

    Get PDF
    Repetition suppression(RS)refers to that the reduction of neural activities for repeated presentations of a given stimulus compared to its first presentation. Summerfield et al(2008) found the magnitude of RS is affected by the repetition probability of stimuli, called as P(rep) effect. Based on the predictive coding theory, prior experience about the sensory inputs is necessary to optimally achieve cognitive processes. But it remains unclear how prior experience modulates predictive processes. To address this issue, in Study I, we estimated the P(rep) effects for Chinese characters and German words in native Chinese and German participants to test whether prior experience affects the P(rep) effect of lexical stimuli. The results showed that the P(rep) effect is only manifest for words of a language with which participants had prior experience. Study II performed fMRI measurements before and after a 10-day perceptual learning (PL) training for cars to test the modulation of short-term experience on the P(rep) effect. The results replicated the P(rep) effect for faces and cars. More interestingly, the P(rep) effect can be temporarily abolished by the short-term PL experience. The third study investigated how prior experience modulates sensory inputs. Study 3a adopted a classic stimulus repetition paradigm to measure RS for faces, together with either concurrent short-term memory (STM) load or a control condition. The results showed that RS is significantly attenuated when visual STM is loaded. Study 3b manipulates attention by a face inversion detection task. The results showed that the RS effect appears in the STM condition when participants attend to faces. The main conclusions: i) predictive processes, as measured by the P(rep) effect, require extensive prior experiences with stimuli, but ii) these can also be modulated by short-term learning experience. Further, iii) STM and attention are two modulators of prior experiences on predictive processes
    • …
    corecore