243 research outputs found

    Development Of Inertial Navigation System With Applications To Airborne Collision Avoidance

    Get PDF
    Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2016Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2016Ülkemizde ve dünyada insansız hava araçlarının kullanımı gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. Sadece insansız hava aracı kullanımı değil, kullanıldığı alanlar da artış göstermektedir. Bu da insansız hava aracı marketini daha cezbedici kılmaktadır. Bu artış sonucu dünyada bir çok insansız hava aracı şirketi kurulmuş ve bazıları bu araçları seri üretim şeklinde üreterek ihtacat yapabilmektedirler. Dünyadaki bu ekonomik büyümenin bir yansıması olarak dünyadaki insansız hava aracının sayısı da gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. Bu talebin büyüklüğüne bakılarak, 20 yıl sonra meydana gelecek insansız hava aracı çarpışmaları ve trafikleri otoriteleri bu konu ile ilgili çalışmaya sevketmiştir. Bununla beraber uygulama alanlarının artması ve daha da detaylanması nedeniyle belirli özellikleri ve otonom uçuşu gerçekleştirebilen insansız hava araçları artık yetersiz kalmaktadır. Günümüzde genel olarak DJI, Pixhawk, ardupilot gibi markaların araçları veya otopilotları kullanılmaktadır. Bazıları açık kaynak kodlu olsalar bile kod içerisinde değişiklik yapmak veya farklı bir donanım entegre etmek oldukça zor. Bunun haricinde piyasada baskın olup market değeri de en yüksek olan DJI firmasının ürünleri tamamiyle kapalı kutu şekilde satılmaktadır. Otonom uçui, rota takibi, havada asılı kalma ve video çekme, canlı yayın yapma gibi temel isterleri yapabilmelerine ragmen, genişleyen sektörde endüstrinin istekleri, artık insansız hava aracının sadece canlı yayın yapması için değil, harici eklenecek donanımlar ile beraber çalışabilirliği veya başka sistemlerle entegre çalışabilirliği gibi problemleri ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu nedenle piyasada ciddi bir şekilde müşteri isteğine göre configure edilebilen otopilot sistemleri ihtiyacı doğmuştur. Diğer yandan insansız hava aracı trafiğine bile yol açacak kadar büyüyen bu sektör ve sivil havacılığın da benzer bir şekilde büyüdüğü iki sektör ile karşı karşıyayız. Sivil havacılığın artan trafiği ve çarpışma önleme sistemlerinin yetersiz kalması gibi durumlara çözümler aranmaktadır. Yapılan çalışmalar sonucu [1] insansız hava aracı sahası ile sivil havacılık sahasının birleştirilmesi ve bu birleştirmelerin nasıl yapılması gerektiği konusu ortaya çıkmıştır. Bunun üzerine bir çok üniversite, bu konu üzerine çalışmalar yapmış ve yayınlar ortaya çıkmıştır. Genel olarak problem ise elbette eski teknolojinin hüküm sürdüğü sivil havacılıkta kullanılan ürünlerin, insansız hava araçlarına entegrasyonu imkansızdır. Doğal olarak tüm hava araçlarının kontrolü için tek bir iletişim ağı hepsini kapsayacak şekilde kurulması amaçlanmıştır. Tüm bu hava araçlarının gözlemlenmesi aynı anda yapılabilmeli ki tehlike durumlarında gerekli müdahaleler ve tedbirler önceden veya o an alınabilsin. Bu tezde iki farklı problemin çözümü önerilmiştir. Önerilerin ilki bahsedilen müşteri odaklı insansız hava aracının tasarlanmasıdır. İnsansız hava aracı tasarımındaki en önemli modüllerden biri de INS-AHRS sistemidir. İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Kontrol ve Aviyonik Laboratuvarında yapılan bu çalışma öncesinde, otopilot kontrolcü tasarımı çalışmaları yapılmış ve system oturtulmuştur. Yapılan uçuşlarda piyasadaki pahalı sistemler kullanılmaktaydı. Fakat sistemden sisteme farklılıklar göstermesi gereken bu ürünler, platform değişikliklerinde sıkıntılara yol açabiliyordu. Buna örnek vermek gerekirse sabit kanatlı insansız hava aracında sıkıntısız uçabilirken, multi-copter platformunda sapma açısında uçuş anında düzensizlikler ortaya çıkıyordu. Bunun nedeni ise alınan üründe sapma açısı sadee GPS verilerinden elde ediliyor olmasıydı. Hareketli platformun her zaman bir sapma açısı olacağından sabit kanatlı sistemlerde çalışması gayet normaldi. Fakat multi-copter platformunda havada asılı kaldığı zamanlarda sapma açısında bir hız vektörü olmadığından GPS hesaplayamıyor ve bu yüzden salınımlara neden oluyordu. Bu gibi problemlerin çözümü ve tamamiyle yerli, dışarıda çalışabilen, istenilen tüm platformlara tasarım değişiklikleriyle entegre edilebilecek bir INS-AHRS tasarımı yapılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu tasarım yapılırken literatürde yapılan çalışmalar referans alınmış, ve filtreleme tekniklerinden navigasyon koordinat sistemlerine kadar çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Sensor çıkışlarının gürültülerini bastırmak için alçak geçiren filtrelerden geçirildikten sonra gerekli dönüşümler yapılarak filter seviyesine kadar getirilmiştir. Filtre kısmında iki farklı filter testi yapılmıştır. Biri tamamlayıcı filter ve diğeri kalman filtresidir. Bu filtrelerin her bir INS-AHRS üzerinde testleri yapılmış ve nihai olarak AHRS’de tamamlayıcı filter, INS’de ise kalman filtresinin kullanımı kararlaştırılmıştır. Yapılan çalışmalar İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Stadyumunda ve İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Havacılık Araştırma Merkezinde test edilmiştir. Yapılan testler 6 aydan fazla sürmesine ragmen nihai sonuca ulaşılabilmiştir. Bu süre zarfında tecrübe edilen en önemli nokta ise gerçek hayatta karşılaşılan problemler ile simulasyon ortamının farklı olmasıdır. Gerçek hayatta en küçük problemde bile aracınız yere çakılabilir ve her çakılmada 200-1000 TL zarar alabilirsiniz. Test yaptığımız süre içerisinde bizden kaynaklı olmayan, fakat üretim hatası olan pervanelerin kopması nedeni ile de kırımlar yaşanmıştır. Bu nedenle sistemin argesinin yapılması pahalıya mal olmuştur. Yapılan test sonuçlarının videoları çekilmiş ve sosyal mecralarda paylaşılmıştır. Bir diğer problem ise insansız hava araçlarının sivil hava sahasına entegrasonudur. Bu entegrasyonun yapılması için gereken teknolojik gelişmeler ve algoritmik çalışmalar gerekmektedir. Önerilen sistemde araç bazlı ve uçuş bazlı haberleşme verileri belirlenip, hangi sistemler üzerinden bu haberleşmenin gereçekleşmesi gerektiği gösterilmiştir. Daha sonra tüm bu sistemler hem hava araçlarında, yer istasyonlarında ve hava trafik kontrolcülerinde olacağından tüm haberleşme ortak bir platform için toplanmış oldu. Bu nedenle uçuş kontrollerinin yapılması daha da kolaylaşacaktır. Bununla beraber çarpışma önleme sistemi için günümüzde kullanılan 2B system değil, zamanın da içine dahil olduğu 4B istem önerilmiştir. Bu algoritmaının adı RRT-Star olup, olasılıksal yaklaşarak çarpışmadan kaçmayı hedefler. Bu kaçışı hedeflerken de en optimal yolu bulmaya çalışır ve o yoldan rotasına devam eder. Olasılıksal yaklaşımların savunduğu argüman sonsuz sayıda örnek sayısında bulunacak yol limitte en optimal yola doğru gider. Bu nedenle olasılıksal çözüm bulma, deterministic yöntemlere göre çok daha hızlı olmaktadır. Fakat algoritmada optimale ne kadar yaklaşmak istenirse o kadar örnekleme sayısını arttırmak gerekmektedir. Bu artış daha çok araştırma yapması ve sistemin uzun zaman boyunca rota üretmesi demektir. Buradaki dengeyi iyi tutturarak hem uygun yolu bulmaya ve en uygun kısa sürede bulmayı amaçlanması istenmektedir. Sistemin testi için donanımla benzetim çalışması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu tezde donanım benzetimi öncesi otopilot şeması verilmiş, buna bağlı test düzeneklerinin sistemi gösterilmiştir. Simulasyon olarak XPLANE programı kullanılmış ve programdan gelen sensor verilerine göre donanım sistemi uçurmaya çalışmıştır. Daha sonra çarpışma önleme algoritmasının entegrasyonu ile system testleri gerçekeştirilmiş ve sonuçları paylaşılmıştır. Nihai olarak bu tez, insansız hava aracı sektöründeki günümüzde ve gelecekte meydana gelecek problemleri öngörüp bunlara çözüm bulmak amaçlanmıştır. INS-AHRS tasarımları gerçekleştirilip, gerçek ortamda dışarıda testleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çarpışma önleme algoritması üzerine çalışmalar yapılarak da bu sistemin entegrasyonu yapılmış ve donanımsal benzetim ile testleri gerçekleştirilmiştir.Last years, the market growth of UAV is increasing day by day. This market growth is not just for some typical applications, but also application areas are increasing, too. This demand also increases the market value of the UAV. For competition in the market, UAV companies try to develop UAVs more efficient, cost effective and adding different capabilities. However, this growth generates some dangerous situations, moreover, because of the growth in application area, common UAVs are become not enough for applications or missions. In this thesis, I present and demostrate INS-AHRS Design and also Flight Management System with Collision Avoidance for UAV. These algorithms and demonstrations are made by the funding of ITU Control and Avionics Laboratory. In Laboratory, we already have autopilot system for multi-copter platforms and fixed-wing platforms. Before development of this INS-AHRS, we used other products from industry. But these products do not let you manage all system. But with the growth on the UAV applications, in the world also even in our laboratory, many projects required to solve specific problems with UAV. Industry products are designed for just one specific platform which may not be work on another platform. That is the main reason of necessity to develop new INS-AHRS, which can be used for multi-copter platforms. To develop INS-AHRS, filtering techniques and other conversation equations are studied. In this study, it is decided to use one IMU and one GPS. But after encounter with different problems, external magnetometer is added to the system. Then, as datasheet recommended, scaling and also alignment and offset shifting is studied. Before developing the all system, for inner loop, controller all need is attitude and attitude rate feed back. So first, with complimentary filter, gyroscope and accelerometer filtering is developed and tried to test at outside. In simulation, decision of coefficient of complimentary filter is easy to find. But these coefficients do not work at the outside. This shows the most important challenge that simulation platform can never be the same with outside real flight. For INS design, inertial frame to NWU frame conversation is developed. Accelerometers gravity vector and Coriolis vector is removed. Gyroscope outputs are also converted to the NWU frame. At least, all sensor outputs become the type of navigation frame. Whenever all datas gathered are become the type of the same frame, kalman filter is designed for INS. AS a result of INS-AHRS design, after 6 months of testing with other industrial INS, final coefficient of both INS and AHRS is decided. After few more development, test videos are recorded. For the growth of the UAV problem, this thesis presents Flight Management System (FMS) with multi-level autonomy modes that meet the requirements of future flight operations for unmanned aerial systems (UAS). It is envisioned that the future of airspace will become highly heterogeneous and integrate non-standardized aerial systems. In that case, only ground systems will be able to predict future trajectories based on performance models (stored in huge parametric databases). Meanwhile, airborne systems are required to share information. The proposed FMS structure integrates new functionalities such as (1) formal intent and information exchange and collaboration in tactical planning utilizing air-to-air and air-to-ground data links and (2) decentralized, short-term collision detection and avoidance. The air-to-ground data link enables intent sharing and allows field operators (i.e., flight operators or air traffic controllers) to interpret, modify, or re-plan UAS flight intent. The onboard FMS persistently monitors the airspace, tracks potential collisions with the other aircraft and the terrain, and requests re-planning when it detects a possible issue. When an immediate response is needed, the onboard FMS generates a 3D evasive maneuver and executes it autonomously. Flight traffic information is obtained from ADS-B/In transponders and air-to-air data links. ADSB-In/Out implementations make the unmanned systems more visible to the systems in 3D. In addition, the air-to-air data links enable intent sharing between airborne systems and are traceable in four dimensions (i.e., space and time). The experimental FMS was deployed in quadrotor UASs and a ground station and GUI was designed to perform demonstrations and field experiments for the issues introduced in the paper.Yüksek LisansM.Sc

    System elements required to guarantee the reliability, availability and integrity of decision-making information in a complex airborne autonomous system

    Get PDF
    Current air traffic management systems are centred on piloted aircraft, in which all the main decisions are made by humans. In the world of autonomous vehicles, there will be a driving need for decisions to be made by the system rather than by humans due to the benefits of more automation such as reducing the likelihood of human error, handling more air traffic in national airspace safely, providing prior warnings of potential conflicts etc. The system will have to decide on courses of action that will have highly safety critical consequences. One way to ensure these decisions are robust is to guarantee that the information being used for the decision is valid and of very high integrity. [Continues.

    Standardization Roadmap for Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Version 1.0

    Get PDF
    This Standardization Roadmap for Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Version 1.0 (“roadmap”) represents the culmination of the UASSC’s work to identify existing standards and standards in development, assess gaps, and make recommendations for priority areas where there is a perceived need for additional standardization and/or pre-standardization R&D. The roadmap has examined 64 issue areas, identified a total of 60 gaps and corresponding recommendations across the topical areas of airworthiness; flight operations (both general concerns and application-specific ones including critical infrastructure inspections, commercial services, and public safety operations); and personnel training, qualifications, and certification. Of that total, 40 gaps/recommendations have been identified as high priority, 17 as medium priority, and 3 as low priority. A “gap” means no published standard or specification exists that covers the particular issue in question. In 36 cases, additional R&D is needed. The hope is that the roadmap will be broadly adopted by the standards community and that it will facilitate a more coherent and coordinated approach to the future development of standards for UAS. To that end, it is envisioned that the roadmap will be widely promoted and discussed over the course of the coming year, to assess progress on its implementation and to identify emerging issues that require further elaboration

    Standardization Roadmap for Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Version 2.0

    Get PDF
    This Standardization Roadmap for Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Version 2.0 (“roadmap”) is an update to version 1.0 of this document published in December 2018. It identifies existing standards and standards in development, assesses gaps, and makes recommendations for priority areas where there is a perceived need for additional standardization and/or pre-standardization R&D. The roadmap has examined 78 issue areas, identified a total of 71 open gaps and corresponding recommendations across the topical areas of airworthiness; flight operations (both general concerns and application-specific ones including critical infrastructure inspections, commercial services, and public safety operations); and personnel training, qualifications, and certification. Of that total, 47 gaps/recommendations have been identified as high priority, 21 as medium priority, and 3 as low priority. A “gap” means no published standard or specification exists that covers the particular issue in question. In 53 cases, additional R&D is needed. As with the earlier version of this document, the hope is that the roadmap will be broadly adopted by the standards community and that it will facilitate a more coherent and coordinated approach to the future development of standards for UAS. To that end, it is envisioned that the roadmap will continue to be promoted in the coming year. It is also envisioned that a mechanism may be established to assess progress on its implementation

    Next generation flight management systems for manned and unmanned aircraft operations - automated separation assurance and collision avoidance functionalities

    Get PDF
    The demand for improved safety, efficiency and dynamic demand-capacity balancing due to the rapid growth of the aviation sector and the increasing proliferation of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in different classes of airspace pose significant challenges to avionics system developers. The design of Next Generation Flight Management Systems (NG-FMS) for manned and unmanned aircraft operations is performed by addressing the challenges identified by various Air Traffic Management (ATM) modernisation programmes and UAS Traffic Management (UTM) system initiatives. In particular, this research focusses on introducing automated Separation Assurance and Collision Avoidance (SA&CA) functionalities (mathematical models) in the NG-FMS. The innovative NG-FMS is also capable of supporting automated negotiation and validation of 4-Dimensional Trajectory (4DT) intents in coordination with novel ground-based Next Generation Air Traffic Management (NG-ATM) systems. One of the key research contributions is the development of a unified method for cooperative and non-cooperative SA&CA, addressing the technical and regulatory challenges of manned and unmanned aircraft coexistence in all classes of airspace. Analytical models are presented and validated to compute the overall avoidance volume in the airspace surrounding a tracked object, supporting automated SA&CA functionalities. The scientific basis of this approach is to assess real-time measurements and associated uncertainties affecting navigation states (of the host aircraft platform), tracking observables (of the static or moving object) and platform dynamics, and translate them to unified range and bearing uncertainty descriptors. The SA&CA unified approach provides an innovative analytical framework to generate high-fidelity dynamic geo-fences suitable for integration in the NG-FMS and in the ATM/UTM/defence decision support tools

    Unmanned Aircraft System Traffic Management (UTM) Concept of Operations

    Get PDF
    Many applications of small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS) have been envisioned. These include surveillance of key assets such as pipelines, rail, or electric wires, deliveries, search and rescue, traffic monitoring, videography, and precision agriculture. These operations are likely to occur in the same airspace in presence of many static and dynamic constraints such as airports, and high wind areas. Therefore, small UAS, typically 55 pounds and below, operations need to be managed to ensure safety and efficiency of operations is maintained. This paper will describe the Concept of Operations (ConOps) for NASA's UAS Traffic Management (UTM) research initiative. The UTM ConOps is focused on safely enabling large-scale small UAS (sUAS) operations in low altitude airspace. The UTM construct supports large-scale visual line of sight and beyond visual line of sight operations. It is based on two primary mantras: (1) flexibility where possible and structure where necessary (2) a risk-based approach where geographical needs and use case indicate the airspace performance requirements. Preliminary stakeholder feedback and initial UTM tests conducted by NASA show promise of UTM to enable large-scale low altitude UAS operations safely

    L-Band System Engineering - Concepts of Use, Systems Performance Requirements, and Architecture

    Get PDF
    This document is being provided as part of ITT s NASA Glenn Research Center Aerospace Communication Systems Technical Support (ACSTS) contract NNC05CA85C, Task 7: New ATM Requirements-Future Communications, C-band and L-band Communications Standard Development. Task 7 was motivated by the five year technology assessment performed for the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) under the joint FAA-EUROCONTROL cooperative research Action Plan (AP-17), also known as the Future Communications Study (FCS). It was based on direction provided by the FAA project-level agreement (PLA FY09_G1M.02-02v1) for "New ATM Requirements-Future Communications." Task 7 was separated into two distinct subtasks, each aligned with specific work elements and deliverable items. Subtask 7-1 addressed C-band airport surface data communications standards development, systems engineering, test bed development, and tests/demonstrations to establish operational capability for what is now referred to as the Aeronautical Mobile Airport Communications System (AeroMACS). Subtask 7-2, which is the subject of this report, focused on preliminary systems engineering and support of joint FAA/EUROCONTROL development and evaluation of a future L-band (960 to 1164 MHz) air/ground (A/G) communication system known as the L-band digital aeronautical communications system (L-DACS), which was defined during the FCS. The proposed L-DACS will be capable of providing ATM services in continental airspace in the 2020+ timeframe. Subtask 7-2 was performed in two phases. Phase I featured development of Concepts of Use, high level functional analyses, performance of initial L-band system safety and security risk assessments, and development of high level requirements and architectures. It also included the aforementioned support of joint L-DACS development and evaluation, including inputs to L-DACS design specifications. Phase II provided a refinement of the systems engineering activities performed during Phase I, along with continued joint FAA/EUROCONTROL L-DACS development and evaluation support

    CNS+A capabilities for the integration of unmanned aircraft in controlled airspace

    Get PDF
    In this paper, the system requirements for the integration of Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) in controlled airspace regions are discussed. The specificities in terms of Air Traffic Management (ATM) level of service, jurisdiction for deconfliction duties and prevalent traffic characteristics are analysed to support the identification of operational and equipage requirements for RPAS developers. Communication, Navigation, Surveillance, ATM and Avionics (CNS+A) equipment play an essential role in airspace regions characteried by high levels of Air Traffic Services (ATS) and a higher probability of traffic conflicts. A denser route structure and a more frequent occurrence of traffic conflicts mandate high CNS performance, as the deconfliction by ATM crucially relies on accurate and reliable CNS information. Notwithstanding, the reduced jurisdiction of aircraft in deconfliction duties also offers an opportunity to RPAS developers, as it relieves the requirements for on-board expert processing

    Autonomous Flight Rules Concept: User Implementation Costs and Strategies

    Get PDF
    The costs to implement Autonomous Flight Rules (AFR) were examined for estimates in acquisition, installation, training and operations. The user categories were airlines, fractional operators, general aviation and unmanned aircraft systems. Transition strategies to minimize costs while maximizing operational benefits were also analyzed. The primary cost category was found to be the avionics acquisition. Cost ranges for AFR equipment were given to reflect the uncertainty of the certification level for the equipment and the extent of existing compatible avionics in the aircraft to be modified

    UAS Integration in the NAS FY15 Annual Review

    Get PDF
    This presentation gives insight into the research activities and efforts being executed in order to integrate unmanned aircraft systems into the national airspace system. This briefing is to inform others of the UAS-NAS progress and future directions
    corecore