Cognitive Interference Management Techniques for the Spectral Co-existence of GSO and NGSO Satellites

One of the main challenges in the co-existence of geostationary satellite orbit (GSO) and non-geostationary satellite orbit (NGSO) satellite networks is to mitigate the in-line interference caused by an NGSO satellite to the GSO earth terminal, while the NGSO satellite is crossing the GSO satellite's illumination zone. The method recommended in ITU-R S.1325-3 involves utilizing a range-based power control on the NGSO satellite for downlink communication to the NGSO earth terminals. In this paper, we investigate a cognitive range-based power control algorithm while taking into account the imposed interference level to the GSO fixed satellite service (FSS) system. Results show that the proposed cognitive power control algorithm can mitigate the harmful in-line interference on the GSO terminal receiver, while also providing the desired link quality for the NGSO system. More importantly, we formulate and solve an optimization problem with the objective of minimizing the inter-site distance (ISD) of the GSO-NGSO earth user-terminals. Finally, we develop an analytical method to calculate the ISD between GSO and NGSO earth terminals and validate this with the help of simulation results

A Survey on Non-Geostationary Satellite Systems: The Communication Perspective

The next phase of satellite technology is being characterized by a new evolution in non-geostationary orbit (NGSO) satellites, which conveys exciting new communication capabilities to provide non-terrestrial connectivity solutions and to support a wide range of digital technologies from various industries. NGSO communication systems are known for a number of key features such as lower propagation delay, smaller size, and lower signal losses in comparison to the conventional geostationary orbit (GSO) satellites, which can potentially enable latency-critical applications to be provided through satellites. NGSO promises a substantial boost in communication speed and energy efficiency, and thus, tackling the main inhibiting factors of commercializing GSO satellites for broader utilization. The promised improvements of NGSO systems have motivated this paper to provide a comprehensive survey of the state-of-the-art NGSO research focusing on the communication prospects, including physical layer and radio access technologies along with the networking aspects and the overall system features and architectures. Beyond this, there are still many NGSO deployment challenges to be addressed to ensure seamless integration not only with GSO systems but also with terrestrial networks. These unprecedented challenges are also discussed in this paper, including coexistence with GSO systems in terms of spectrum access and regulatory issues, satellite constellation and architecture designs, resource management problems, and user equipment requirements. Finally, we outline a set of innovative research directions and new opportunities for future NGSO research

Revolutionizing Future Connectivity: A Contemporary Survey on AI-empowered Satellite-based Non-Terrestrial Networks in 6G

Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) are expected to be a critical component of 6th Generation (6G) networks, providing ubiquitous, continuous, and scalable services. Satellites emerge as the primary enabler for NTN, leveraging their extensive coverage, stable orbits, scalability, and adherence to international regulations. However, satellite-based NTN presents unique challenges, including long propagation delay, high Doppler shift, frequent handovers, spectrum sharing complexities, and intricate beam and resource allocation, among others. The integration of NTNs into existing terrestrial networks in 6G introduces a range of novel challenges, including task offloading, network routing, network slicing, and many more. To tackle all these obstacles, this paper proposes Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a promising solution, harnessing its ability to capture intricate correlations among diverse network parameters. We begin by providing a comprehensive background on NTN and AI, highlighting the potential of AI techniques in addressing various NTN challenges. Next, we present an overview of existing works, emphasizing AI as an enabling tool for satellite-based NTN, and explore potential research directions. Furthermore, we discuss ongoing research efforts that aim to enable AI in satellite-based NTN through software-defined implementations, while also discussing the associated challenges. Finally, we conclude by providing insights and recommendations for enabling AI-driven satellite-based NTN in future 6G networks.Comment: 40 pages, 19 Figure, 10 Tables, Surve

IAU Dark and Quiet Skies, UNOOSA, NoirLabs, SATCON2, International Law Working Group Report

International Law Working Group of the IAU's Dark and Quiet Skies Conference; objective to advise the UN Committee on the Peaceful Use of Outer Spac

Dark and Quiet Skies II Working Group Reports:

This Report presents the main results of the Conference “Dark and Quiet Skies for Science and Society II” which took place on-line on 3–7 October 2021. This conference was the logical follow-up of the first one, organized as an on-line workshop with the same title on 5–9 October 2020. Both conferences were co-organized by UNOOSA, IAU and the Government of Spain and were well attended. The focus of the second conference was about the feasibility of implementing the recommendations presented by the first one in its extensive report. The main qualifying difference between the first and the second conferences was a more explicit involvement of the industrial stakeholders and of space policy experts, whose contributions were instrumental in presenting a credible review of the proposed mitigating measures as well as of possible regulatory guidelines

DEVELOPMENT OF NEW ITU APPROACH TO INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT AND STANDARDIZATION PROCESSES

Mednarodna Unija za telekomunikacije (ITU) je specializirana organizacija Združenih Narodov za telekomunikacije s sedežem v Ženevi, ki med drugim skrbi za učinkovito in usklajeno upravljanje z radiofrekvenčnim spektrom (10kHz-3000GHz) in to na način, da so zagotovljene pravice in enake možnosti njegovega izkoriščanja vsem uporabnikom, državam članicam (193). Vse od njene ustanovitve leta 1865 je tehnološki napredek motiviral oblikovanje ITU mednarodnih standardov za izgradnjo in funkcioniranje telekomunikacijskih sistemov in omrežij in kasneje tudi za izkoriščanje radiofrekvenčnega spektra. Tehnološki razvoj je uravnaval dinamiko aktivnosti in pogojeval organizacijske spremembe in statutarne reforme. Strokovna priporočila pa so postala univerzalna referenca za uspešen razvoj in standardizacijo telekomunikacijskih sistemov. Pa vendar je že nekaj časa opaziti, da je učinkovitost ITU v vse večjem razkoraku z evolucijo in preobrazbo telekomunikacijskega okolja, pri čemer ni skrivnost, da so številni poskusi zadnjih let, kako uskladiti strukturo in delovanje ITU z dinamičnim razvojem okolja, bili neuspešni. Inertnost, pa tudi oportunizem različnih subjektov, je bila in je še vedno močna ovira, da bi se ITU uspešno spopadala z izzivi časa. Radiofrekvenčni spekter in orbitalne pozicije, ki pripadajo različnim radiofrekvenčnim alokacijam, so edinstvena naravna dobrina, katere usklajena in transparentna mednarodna regulativa je permanentna skrb vsake suverene države. Učinkoviti procesi standardizacije v globalnem okolju pa so ključ za uspešno pot k hitremu razvoju telekomunikacijske infrastrukture v času, ko je tehnološka konvergenčnost izbrisala meje med tehnologijo, telekomunikacijskimi sistemi in telekomunikacijskimi aplikacijami. Disertacija ponuja podrobno analizo aktivnosti ITU na dveh osrednjih segmentih, t.j. radiokomunikacije in standardizacija. Na osnovi dolgoletnega opazovanja in proučevanja dela in učinkovitosti ITU, zaključki nedvoumno kažejo na potrebo po strukturnih reformah, pot do katerih pa je zaradi politične dimenzije, ki je vedno prisotna v medvladnih organizacijah, izjemno zapletena. V sodobnem telekomunikacijskem okolju, kjer tehnološki razvoj prehiteva počasne vladne odločitve, so potrebne jasne strateške orientacije in trdna odločenost držav članic, da se pristopi k vsebinskim spremembam. S tem namenom je predstavljen tudi predlog novega konstitutivnega in organizacijskega modela ITU, katerega implementacija bi omogočila boljše pogoje za doseganje zastavljenih ciljev. Sedanje težave v funkcioniranju te specializirane organizacije OZN so v največji meri posledica njenega zaostalega organizacijskega koncepta, ki sodi v zgodovinsko okolje. Države članice imajo še vedno izključno vlogo pri pomembnih odločitvah, žal pa njihove vlade ne premorejo več strokovnega potenciala za doseganje znanstvenega napredka. V ta prostor so vstopili drugi kreativni deležniki (iz industrije in nevladnih organizacij) ki so postali gonilna sila vsega razvoja. To so tisti ki želijo ustvarjati v drugačnem okolju, kjer bodo suvereni v odločanju na področjih njihove izključne kompetentnosti. Pogosto zapletena razmerja med državami članicami z različnimi interesi, velikimi in malimi, razvitimi in manj razvitimi, sposobnimi in odsotnimi, egoističnimi in kooperativnimi – onemogočajo univerzalne rešitve, ko gre za učinkovito in transparentno uporabo radiofrekvenčnega spektra. Na področju standardizacije ICT sistemov in aplikacij so razmere še bolj zapletene, saj so ti procesi v zadnjih desetletjih spremenili vsebino zaradi potreb po hitrem regionalnem razvoju in predvsem zaradi hitrega tehnološkega napredka, kateremu tradicionalni in klasično počasni ITU pristop k standardizaciji ni mogel več slediti. Dinamika razvoja pa kliče po odprtju in inovacijah tistih, ki so teh inovacij sposobni in ki imajo za te aktivnosti tudi primerne finančne in intelektualne vire. Državne strukture so v standardizacijskih postopkih in razvoju postale irelevantne, čeprav se še vedno z veliko silo oklepajo starih prerogativov. V zadnjih dveh desetletjih se je v znanstvene študije, analize in v izpeljavo tehničnih programov nenapovedano in samovoljno vrinila še »politizacija dogovarjanja« na različnih nivojih mednarodnega tehničnega sodelovanja. Ta realnost je dodatno poslabšala razmere v sicer arhaičnih strukturah ITU. Cilj disertacije je nov pristop k mednarodni regulativi uporabe spektra in njegovi mednarodni zaščiti na način, da bo koriščenje frekvenčnega spektra kar najbolj učinkovito in usklajeno. Radiofrekvenčni spekter je univerzalna dobrina, katere uporabnost ni v lasti nikogar in kjer akademske študije in dosežki odpirajo nove dimenzije za njegovo praktično uporabo. V okolju globalnega dogovarjanja in univerzalnega izkoriščanja spektra so pomembni odgovori na spodnja vprašanja, ki nas lahko pripeljejo k novi paradigmi: Kako zagotoviti transparentnost in učinkovitost pri planiranju, razdeljevanju in dodeljevanju frekvenčnega spektra? Kako pritegniti h kreativnemu sodelovanju nove Partnerje (industrija in privatni sektor) in jim zagotoviti pogoje za inovativne rešitve v standardizaciji ICT. Kako ustvariti homogeno in konvergenčno okolje, ki bi zagotavljalo nenehno evolucijo ICT k racionalnim in globalnim usmeritvam pri določanju komunikacijske politike?The convergence of fast developing technologies (ICT), the globalisation of telecommunications in general and availability of new services, have profoundly changed the telecommunication environment and related national policies. The ITU constituencies are Member States and the Organisation strategic decisions are taken exclusively by the Governments. However, in the changing environment it became impossible to ignore the non-governmental partners’ views while discussing the global policies and action plans that should be leading to important decisions. The appearance of strategic alliances, privatization of telecommunication infrastructures and market liberalization are the phenomena that brought new elements in telecommunication development and had substantially modified the role of Governments. These phenomena influenced the Union operational model to great extent where voices of partners are claiming more balanced share in the decision making processes and rational distribution of responsibilities, i.e. between the administrations of Members States, national regulators, telecommunication operators and industry. The necessary transparency of regulatory policy together with simplified Frequency Spectrum Management and universally recognized standardisation activities may be endangered, if no constitutional reforms intervene in the next two or three plenipotentiary cycles. The situation is calling for open review of governmental responsibilities in order to make realistic projection of reforms that should allow ITU to preserve its technical sovereignty and global credibility through its important mission. The ITU structure and its mode of operation in the field of radiocommunications and ICT standardisation today appear to be archaic and not synchronized neither with the environment nor with Members and other user’s needs. National concern for harmonious development of Information and Communication Infrastructure (ICT) remain high on each Government agenda due to its substantial impact on national economies. There is strategic interest to build up and preserve well-coordinated international regulatory regime on Frequency Spectrum/Orbit Management and global/universal and transparent ICT standardisation processes. And the present thesis is a modest contribution to make it happen

Spectrum Rights in the Telecosm to Come

The spectrum of electromagnetic frequencies impact the way individuals and society communicate. The discussion involves reforming the structures governing the spectrum, a debate that centers on the benefits of public versus private control over the resources. This article focuses on articulating governmental standards for managing and regulating public or private control of the spectrum. However, standards will not be easy to establish given the difficult cost assessments necessary to balance the public interest against communication. A regulatory agency can better govern spectrum management that accommodates both commonly and privately owned spectrum. Spectrum conflicts can be remedied easily by defining a class of per se nuisances. The article concludes by encouraging attentiveness to the costs of dispute resolution, the regulators? roles in reducing these costs, and the policy choices inherent in spectrum management. Any regulator agency that is established must play a role in resolving spectrum conflicts

Federal Register

Daily publication of the U.S. Office of the Federal Register contains rules and regulations, proposed legislation and rule changes, and other notices, including "Presidential proclamations and Executive Orders, Federal agency documents having general applicability and legal effect, documents required to be published by act of Congress, and other Federal agency documents of public interest" (p. ii). Table of Contents starts on page iii