25 research outputs found
Effective Scheduling Algorithms for Cross-Interference Mitigation in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks
Wireless networks are making life easier, smarter and more convenient. However, the well-known Carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) mechanism is powerless when dealing with Cross-Technology Interference (CTI) between Wi-Fi and Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Network (LR-WPAN), because of asymmetric transmission power, incompatible Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) and different timing parameters. Plenty of studies have shown that WiFi always has a higher priority to access the wireless medium and even block LR-WPAN transmission in the worst case. Our experiments confirm this point and conclude that Wi-Fi can interrupt LR-WPAN severely even block LR-WPAN traffic, while the interference from LR-WPAN to Wi-Fi is negligible. Different from other studies, this thesis presents a novel centralized scheduling mechanism in the time domain to harmonize coexistence of Wi-Fi and LR-WPAN, also refer to as time-slot based scheduling mechanism. The mechanism is achieved by introducing a new command frame, named Access Notification (AN), into the IEEE802.15.4 Medium Access Control (MAC) layer. Based on this mechanism, a static time-slot based scheduling algorithm is designed and evaluated on both real hardware-based system and NS-3 simulator. The result shows the algorithm improves LR-WPAN Packet Loss Rate (PLR) significantly but at the cost of reducing Wi-Fi throughput. In order to maximize performance, based on slot-based congestion indicator (CI) that is proposed and defined to tell whether an allocated time slot is adequate for data transmission or not, we further design an adaptive time-slot based scheduling algorithm. The evaluation shows that the adaptive algorithm covers the shortage of the static algorithm and offers a distinct improvement on LR-WPAN Packet Transmission Rate (PTR)
Cross-Layer measurement on an IEEE 802.11g wireless network supporting MPEG-2 video streaming applications in the presence of interference
The performance of wireless local area networks supporting video streaming applications, based on MPEG-2 video codec, in the presence of interference is here dealt with. IEEE 802.11g standard wireless networks, that do not support QoS in according with IEEE 802.11e standard, are, in particular, accounted for and Bluetooth signals, additive white Gaussian noise, and competitive data traffic are considered as sources of interference. The goal is twofold: from one side, experimentally assessing and correlating the values that some performance metrics assume at the same time at different layers of an IEEE 802.11g WLAN delivering video streaming in the presence of in-channel interference; from the other side, deducing helpful and practical hints for designers and technicians, in order to efficiently assess and enhance the performance of an IEEE 802.11g WLAN supporting video streaming in some suitable setup conditions and in the presence of interference. To this purpose, an experimental analysis is planned following a cross-layer measurement approach, and a proper testbed within a semianechoic chamber is used. Valuable results are obtained in terms of signal-to-interference ratio, packet loss ratio, jitter, video quality, and interference data rate; helpful hints for designers and technicians are finally gained
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Design of a wireless monitoring system based on the ZigBee protocol for photovoltaic systems
This thesis was submitted for the degree of Master of Philosophy and awarded by Brunel University.This work deals with the possibility of using the promising technology of wireless sensor networks (WSN) in the field of photovoltaic (PV) plant supervising and monitoring. The knowledge of the status and good working condition of each PV module separately as well as of any component of the PV system will guide in a more efficient way of power management.
This work will concentrate on monitoring and controlling as well as healthy operation control of PV panels separately. Data logging will be also available and can be used for reference or statistical purposes.
The nature of wireless sensor networks (WSN) offers several advantages on monitoring and controlling applications over other traditional technologies including self-healing, self-organization, and flexibility.
The versatility, ease of use, and reliability of a mesh network topology offered by the ZigBee technology that is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, are used in this work to offer the maximum of its capabilities on the system being presented. A set of sensors attached on each PV panel are connected to a wireless ZigBee module. Each PV panel has its own ZigBee device located at its back side. All ZigBee devices forms a network with all the necessary devices of the ZigBee protocol included, such as end devises (RFD), a router (FFD), and a coordinator (COO).
An extra ZigBee device might optionally be used to serve the whole system as an Ethernet gateway for making the system able to be connected to the internet.
The factors that are being monitored are the panel‟s temperature, the output voltage, and output current.
At the router device that operates as a parent for all the end devices, extra monitored factors are the air dust concentration, current irradiance and also the angle of the PV array (in the case of tracking system use).Two controlling outputs (relays) are located at the router device offering the capability of controlling the motors or the actuators of a tracking system
Comunicações sem-fios de tempo-real para ambientes abertos
Doutoramento em Engenharia InformáticaWireless communication technologies have become widely adopted, appearing
in heterogeneous applications ranging from tracking victims, responders and
equipments in disaster scenarios to machine health monitoring in networked
manufacturing systems. Very often, applications demand a strictly bounded
timing response, which, in distributed systems, is generally highly dependent
on the performance of the underlying communication technology. These
systems are said to have real-time timeliness requirements since data
communication must be conducted within predefined temporal bounds, whose
unfulfillment may compromise the correct behavior of the system and cause
economic losses or endanger human lives.
The potential adoption of wireless technologies for an increasingly broad range
of application scenarios has made the operational requirements more complex
and heterogeneous than before for wired technologies. On par with this trend,
there is an increasing demand for the provision of cost-effective distributed
systems with improved deployment, maintenance and adaptation features.
These systems tend to require operational flexibility, which can only be ensured
if the underlying communication technology provides both time and event
triggered data transmission services while supporting on-line, on-the-fly
parameter modification.
Generally, wireless enabled applications have deployment requirements that
can only be addressed through the use of batteries and/or energy harvesting
mechanisms for power supply. These applications usually have stringent
autonomy requirements and demand a small form factor, which hinders the use
of large batteries. As the communication support may represent a significant
part of the energy requirements of a station, the use of power-hungry
technologies is not adequate. Hence, in such applications, low-range
technologies have been widely adopted. In fact, although low range
technologies provide smaller data rates, they spend just a fraction of the energy
of their higher-power counterparts.
The timeliness requirements of data communications, in general, can be met by
ensuring the availability of the medium for any station initiating a transmission.
In controlled (close) environments this can be guaranteed, as there is a strict
regulation of which stations are installed in the area and for which purpose.
Nevertheless, in open environments, this is hard to control because no a priori
abstract
knowledge is available of which stations and technologies may contend for the
medium at any given instant. Hence, the support of wireless real-time
communications in unmanaged scenarios is a highly challenging task.
Wireless low-power technologies have been the focus of a large research
effort, for example, in the Wireless Sensor Network domain. Although bringing
extended autonomy to battery powered stations, such technologies are known
to be negatively influenced by similar technologies contending for the medium
and, especially, by technologies using higher power transmissions over the
same frequency bands. A frequency band that is becoming increasingly
crowded with competing technologies is the 2.4 GHz Industrial, Scientific and
Medical band, encompassing, for example, Bluetooth and ZigBee, two lowpower
communication standards which are the base of several real-time
protocols. Although these technologies employ mechanisms to improve their
coexistence, they are still vulnerable to transmissions from uncoordinated
stations with similar technologies or to higher power technologies such as Wi-
Fi, which hinders the support of wireless dependable real-time communications
in open environments.
The Wireless Flexible Time-Triggered Protocol (WFTT) is a master/multi-slave
protocol that builds on the flexibility and timeliness provided by the FTT
paradigm and on the deterministic medium capture and maintenance provided
by the bandjacking technique. This dissertation presents the WFTT protocol
and argues that it allows supporting wireless real-time communication services
with high dependability requirements in open environments where multiple
contention-based technologies may dispute the medium access. Besides, it
claims that it is feasible to provide flexible and timely wireless communications
at the same time in open environments. The WFTT protocol was inspired on
the FTT paradigm, from which higher layer services such as, for example,
admission control has been ported. After realizing that bandjacking was an
effective technique to ensure the medium access and maintenance in open
environments crowded with contention-based communication technologies, it
was recognized that the mechanism could be used to devise a wireless
medium access protocol that could bring the features offered by the FTT
paradigm to the wireless domain. The performance of the WFTT protocol is
reported in this dissertation with a description of the implemented devices, the
test-bed and a discussion of the obtained results.As tecnologias de comunicação sem fios tornaram-se amplamente adoptadas,
surgindo em aplicações heterógeneas que vão desde a localização de vítimas,
pessoal médico e equipamentos em cenários de desastre à monitorização da
condição física de máquinas em ambientes industrials. Muito frequentemente,
as aplicações exigem uma resposta limitada no tempo que, geralmente, em
sistemas distribuídos, é substancialmente dependente do desempenho da
tecnologia de comunicação utilizada. Estes sistemas tendem a possuir
requisitos de tempo-real uma vez que a comunicação de dados tem de ser
conduzida dentro de limites temporais pré-definidos que, quando não
cumpridos, podem comprometer o correcto funcionamento do sistema e
resultar em perdas económicas ou colocar em risco vidas humanas.
A potencial adopção de tecnologias sem-fios para um crescente número de
cenários traduz-se num aumento da complexidade e heterogeneidade dos
requisitos operacionais relativamente às tecnologias cabladas. A acompanhar
esta tendência verifica-se uma crescente procura de sistemas distribuídos,
caracterizados quer por uma boa relação custo-eficácia, quer pela simplicidade
de instalação, manutenção e adaptação. Ao mesmo tempo, estes sistemas
tendem a requerer flexibilidade operacional, que apenas pode ser assegurada
se a tecnlogia de comunicação empregue supportar transmissões de dados
dispoletadas quer por eventos (event-triggered), quer por tempo (timetriggered)
e se, ao mesmo tempo, em funcionamento, permitir a alteração dos
parâmetros de comunicação correspondentes.
Frequentemente, as aplicações com comunicações sem fios caracterizam-se
por exigências de instalação que apenas podem ser endereçadas usando
alimentação através de baterias e/ou mecanismos de recolha de energia do
ambiente envolvente. Estas aplicações têm tipicamente requisitos exigentes de
autonomia e de tamanho, impedindo o recurso a baterias de grande dimensão.
Dado que o suporte de comunicações pode representar uma parte significativa
dos requisitos de energia da estação, o uso de tecnologias de comunicação de
elevado consumo não é adequado. Desta forma, nestas aplicações, as
tecnologias de comunicação de curto-alcance tornaram-se amplamente
adoptadas uma vez que, apesar de se caracterizarem por taxas de
transmissão inferiores, consomem apenas uma fracção da energia das
tecnologias de maior alcance.
resumo
Em geral, os requisitos de pontualidade da comunicação de dados podem ser
cumpridos através da garantia da disponibilidade do meio no instante em que
qualquer estação inicie uma transmissão. Em ambientes controlados esta
disponibilidade pode ser garantida, na medida em que existe um controlo de
quais as estações que foram instaladas na área e qual a sua função.
Contrariamente, em ambientes abertos, tal controlo é difícil de garantir uma
vez que não existe conhecimento a priori de que estações ou tecnologias
podem competir pelo meio, tornando o suporte de comunicações de temporeal
um desafio difícil de implementar em cenários com estações de
comunicação não controladas.
As comunicações de baixo consumo têm sido o foco de um esforço de
investigação bastante amplo, por exemplo, no domínio das redes de sensores
sem fios. Embora possam permitir uma maior autonomia a estações baseadas
em baterias, estas tecnologias são reconhecidas como sendo negativamente
influenciadas por tecnologias semelhantes competindo pelo mesmo meio e,
em particular, por tecnologias que utilizem níveis de potência de transmissão
mais elevados em bandas de frequências comuns. De forma cada vez mais
acentuada, a banda industrial, científica e médica (ISM) dos 2.4 GHz tem-se
tornado mais saturada com tecnologias que competem entre si pelo acesso ao
meio tais como, por exemplo, Bluetooth e ZigBee, dois padrões de
comunicação que são a base de vários protocolos de tempo-real. Apesar
destas tecnologias aplicarem mecanismos para melhorar a sua coexistência,
são vulneráveis a transmissões de estações não controladas que usem as
mesmas tecnologias ou que usem tecnologias com níveis de potência de
transmissão mais elevados, impedindo, desta forma, o suporte de
comunicações de tempo-real fiáveis em ambientes abertos.
O protocolo de comunicação sem fios flexível disparado por tempo (WFTT) é
baseado numa arquitectura mestre/múltiplo escravo alavancado na
flexibilidade e pontualidade promovidas pelo paradigma FTT e na captura e
manutenção determinística do meio suportadas pela técnica de bandjacking
(captura de banda). Esta tese apresenta o protocolo WFTT e argumenta que
este permite suportar serviços de comunicação de tempo-real com requisitos
elevados de fiabilidade em ambientes abertos onde várias tecnologias de
comunicação baseadas em contenção disputam o acesso ao meio. Adicionalmente, esta tese reivindica que é possível suportar comunicações
sem-fios simultaneamente flexíveis e pontuais em ambientes abertos. O
protocolo WFTT foi inspirado no paradigma FTT, do qual importa os serviços
de alto nível como, por exemplo, o controlo de admissão. Após a observação
da eficácia da técnica de bandjacking em assegurar o acesso ao meio e a
correspondente manutenção, foi reconhecida a possibilidade de utilização
deste mecanismo para o desenvolvimento de um protocolo de acesso ao meio,
capaz de oferecer as funcionalidades do paradigma FTT em meios de
comunicação sem-fios. O desempenho do protocolo WFTT é reportado nesta
tese com uma descrição dos dispositivos implementados, da bancada de
ensaios desenvolvida e dos resultados obtidos
Industry 4.0: Industrial IoT Enhancement and WSN Performance Analysis
L'abstract è presente nell'allegato / the abstract is in the attachmen