Conceptual design methodologies for waterborne and amphibious aircraft

This study is laid out in 8 self-explanatory sections. The Introduction sets the scene for the thesis by describing the reasoning behind the study, defines terms and introduces the reader to the markets for amphibious aircraft which drive the design requirements. An overall floatplane design methodology is developed. The advantages and disadvantages of the 2 practical float configurations are identified, which result in a basic configuration choice methodology. A method of initially estimating float dimensions and mass for a required displacement is developed from existing references and the aircraft and float databases. Initial float support structure design solutions are proposed based, again, on the information from the databases. A method of positioning the resultant float and structure configuration relative to the existing land-based aircraft centre of gravity is then developed using existing guidance on lateral and longitudinal water-borne static stability and the aircraft database. Guidance on the initial purchase price of floats is gained from a study of commercially available items. The changes in performance due to fitting floats to a conventional aircraft are studied along with a drag comparison study of the main configurations. The work on flyingboats develops an overall flyingboat design methodology which identifies key areas where design methods are required. These methods are developed leading to initial configuration choice methodologies based on a series of generalised mass, configuration and role classifications. Having decided on the overall configuration, tools are developed to choose the method of providing on-water lateral stability and to complete the initial sizing of that choice. A method of estimating initial planing bottom dimensions is developed along with step position and configuration. Tools to estimate the mass of flyingboat-specific items are developed including planing bottom structure and the choice of lateral stability method. Knowing the mass and configuration of the flyingboat allows spray estimation and detailed on-water static stability calculations to be completed to check the acceptability of the initial configuration and dimensions. Performance estimation methods including take-off and landing, aerodynamic drag and on-water dynamic stability are proposed. Logistic support infrastructure, safety and water loading are common to both floatplanes and flyingboats and these are discussed in a separate section, along with a method of allocating values to amphibious aircraft design attributes to measure the success of the design. The methodologies are then used to design 5 floatplanes and 5 flyingboats based on a crosssection of relevant aircraft specification types. This use of the methodologies illustrates that the concept of a linked series of tools to complete the rapid conceptual design of an amphibious aircraft has been successfully achieved. A discussion chapter summarises the key discoveries in each of then former chapters and a conclusion details how the study's aim to develop integrated conceptual design methodologies for waterborne and amphibious aircraft has been successfully achieved. The study's contribution to knowledge, which includes mass, sizing, performance and cost equations for both floatplanes and flyingboats, are also detailed. A list of further work is included which concentrates on the need for further empirical information to increase confidence in the methodologies. A comprehensive bibliography of relevant texts is included

‘Words are bandied about but what do they mean?’: An exploration of the meaning of the pedagogical term “project” in historical and contemporary contexts

This thesis explores the pedagogical practices signified by the pedagogical term ‘project;’ which have traditionally been associated with enquiry based progressive ways of working with young children aimed at facilitating levels of both child and teacher autonomy (Hadow, 1931, Plowden 1967, Rinaldi, 2006). There is an early focus upon historical project constructions bounded by the Hadow reports starting in 1921 to a key Estyn document of 1999, the year of Welsh devolution. This diachronic lens tracks the trajectory of understanding associated with ‘projects’ through an analysis of documentary evidence and is later drawn upon in the empirical study. A central aim is to make visible the perceived role of the practitioner and associated pedagogical practices utilised within ‘projects’ at different points in history; in so doing it also aims to illuminate the unstable and context laden nature of pedagogical terminology in circulation. The core of the study is the empirical focus – an embedded case study (Yin, 2009) which explored contemporary project interpretations within one Welsh local authority, as a ‘new’ (DCELLS, 2008a) and ‘radical’ (Maynard et al., 2012) early years curriculum, the Foundation Phase was introduced. Participants were located within the same ecological frame, sharing minimal dissimilarity: bounded within a specific geographical location (a five mile radius); a particular curriculum (the Foundation Phase) and at an explicit point in history. A central aim was to consider understandings of the role of the adult and associated pedagogical practices within contemporary project constructions and in so doing to further consider interpretations of the new Foundation Phase Curriculum, in which particular constructions were situated.The study was underpinned by a constructionist position with the research process viewed as dialogic and subjective in nature (Steer, 1991). Teachers were observed; exemplar documentary evidence collected and follow-up interviews used in a collaborative cycle of ‘meaning making.’ Bernsteinian notions of pedagogy and framing were utilised as analytical tools aimed at exploring how projects were interpreted, whilst Foucauldian notions of discourses were utilised to explain why projects may have been viewed in particular ways. Pedagogical practices associated with three broad project categories were made visible through analysis. Findings indicate that there were noteworthy differences particularly in relation to the varying levels of autonomy offered to the child and the associated positions adopted by the teacher. Whilst teachers used a range of progressive language such as ‘child initiated, ’ the practices noted were often constraining and resonated with a discourse of regulatory modernity (Moss, 2007) as participants succumbed to the ‘regulatory gaze’ (Osbourne, 2006). Since participants were identified because of their contextual similarities, differences in ‘project’ interpretations were deemed to be illustrative of the complex nature of the meaning making process and it is subsequently theorised that pedagogical terms are both context and value laden.This research may be significant within the Welsh context where the 'Foundation Phase' attempts to balance teacher and child agency but at the same time still retains a focus upon pre-specified outcomes. These findings may subsequently have implications for the policy to practice trajectory

RANCANG BANGUN ALAT PENETAS TELUR OTOMATIS MENGGUNAKAN ARDUINO NANO

Chicken farming is one of the most important industries in our country. Meanwhile, in chicken farming, breeders usually do not keep up with technological developments, breeders sometimes still use improvised tools for the process of hatching chicken eggs. Sometimes there are many obstacles experienced in hatching chicken eggs, namely incubators that only use incandescent lights without any tools to regulate the humidity in the egg area because basically chicken eggs also need stable humidity for maximum results, there is no tool that can tell the temperature at chicken eggs are enough or excessive, and there is a lack of attention in hatching the chicken eggs. So it is not controlled when the eggs have hatched and the incubator situation is not controlled during the chicken egg hatching process. And in this research the author aims to regulate the temperature and stabilize the humidity of the eggs in the egg environment so that the eggs can hatch with good quality using the Arduino Nano microcontroller

Identification of production challenges and benefits using value chain mapping of egg food systems in Nairobi, Kenya

Commercial layer and indigenous chicken farming in Nairobi and associated activities in the egg value chains are a source of livelihood for urban families. A value chain mapping framework was used to describe types of inputs and outputs from chicken farms, challenges faced by producers and their disease control strategies. Commercial layer farms were defined as farms keeping exotic breeds of chicken, whereas indigenous chicken farms kept different cross breeds of indigenous chicken. Four focus group discussions were held with producers of these chickens in peri-urban area: Dagoretti, and one informal settlement: Kibera. Qualitative data were collected on interactions between farmers, sources of farm inputs and buyers of poultry products, simple ranking of production challenges, farmers' perception on diseases affecting chicken and strategies for management of sick chicken and waste products. Value chain profiles were drawn showing sources of inputs and channels for distribution of chicken products. Production challenges and chicken disease management strategies were presented as qualitative summaries. Commercial layer farms in Dagoretti kept an average of 250 chickens (range 50–500); while flock sizes in Kibera were 12 chickens (range 5–20). Farms keeping indigenous chicken had an average of 23 chickens (range 8–40) in Dagoretti, and 10 chickens (range 5–16) in Kibera. Commercial layer farms in Dagoretti obtained chicks from distributors of commercial hatcheries, but farms in Kibera obtained chicks from hawkers who in turn sourced them from distributors of commercial hatcheries. Indigenous chicken farms from Dagoretti relied on natural hatching of fertilised eggs, but indigenous chicken farms in Kibera obtained chicks from their social connection with communities living in rural areas. Outlets for eggs from commercial layer farms included local shops, brokers, restaurants and hawkers, while eggs from indigenous chicken farms were sold to neighbours and restaurants. Sieved chicken manure from Dagoretti area was fed to dairy cattle; whereas non-sieved manure was used as fertilizer on crops. Production challenges included poor feed quality, lack of space for expansion, insecurity, occurrence of diseases and lack of sources of information on chicken management. In Kibera, sick and dead chickens were slaughtered and consumed by households; this practice was not reported in Dagoretti. The chicken layer systems contribute to food security of urban households, yet they have vulnerabilities and deficiencies with regard to disease management and food safety that need to be addressed with support on research and extension

Continuous growth of vimentin filaments in mouse fibroblasts

We have investigated the dynamics of intermediate filament assembly in vivo by following the fate of heterologous chicken vimentin subunits expressed under the control of an inducible promoter in transfected mouse fibroblasts. Using RNase protection, metabolic protein pulse-chase and immunofluorescence microscopy, we have examined the fate of newly assembled subunits under physiological conditions in situ. Following induction and subsequent removal of inducer, chicken vimentin mRNA had a half-life of approximately 6 h while both chicken and mouse vimentin protein polymer had long half-lives--roughly equivalent to the cell generation time. Moreover, following deinduction, chicken vimentin immunolocalization progressed from a continuous (8-10 h chase) to a discontinuous (> or = 20 h chase) pattern. The continuous chicken vimentin staining reflects the uniform incorporation of chicken vimentin throughout the endogenous mouse vimentin network while the discontinuous or punctate chicken vimentin staining represents short interspersed segments of assembled chicken vimentin superimposed on the endogenous polymer. This punctate staining pattern of chicken vimentin was present throughout the entire array of intermediate filaments, with no bias toward the perinuclear region. These results are consistent with a continuous growth model of intermediate filament assembly, wherein subunit addition occurs at discrete sites located throughout the cytoskeleton