Changes to temporary norms

Normative systems accommodate temporary norms of several types, which can also be modified in different, and codified ways. In this paper we address the problem of modifying temporary norms that are represented by means of the combination of two known formalisms in the current literature. The framework evolves from a known one, which provides a system of norms at two distinct layers, and represents changes at the two layers as means to provide room for the codified change types. This results in four novel operators that anticipate and extend norms in two different combined ways, by preserving or not the effects of the norms in the period of time generated by the temporal modifications. We study these new oper- ators and show how they relate to the operators of annulment and abrogation analysed elsewhere

Social norms and optimal incentives in firms

This paper deals with the interplay between economic incentives and social norms in firms. We outline a simple model of team production and provide preliminary results on linear incentive schemes in the presence of a social norm that may cause multiple equilibria. The effect of the social norm on the optimal bonus rate is discussed, as well as the effectiveness of temporary changes in the bonus rate as a means to move a firm from a bad to a good equilibrium.social norms; incentives; contracts

Social Norms and Welfare State Dynamics

The paper analyses the interaction between economic incentives and work norms in the context of social insurance. If the work norm is endogenous in the sense that it is weaker when the population share of beneficiaries is higher, then voters will choose less generous bene.ts than otherwise. We also discuss welfare-state dynamics when there is a time lag in the adjustment of the norm in response to changes in this population share, and show how a temporary shift in the unemployment rate may cause persistence in the number of beneficiaries.welfare state, social norms, social insurance

Determinants of Preference for Contingent Employment

This paper explores the determinants of preference for contingent employment using a national probability sample of temporary workers and independent contractors. A multi-level model of preference and multivariate analyses indicate that the opportunity cost of contract work, number of job opportunities, prior experience, human and financial capital, access to health benefits, prior experience, and work-family factors predict preference for contingent employment. These results are moderated by gender and by type of contingent work arrangement. Temporary workers differ from independent contractors and men differ from women with respect to which factors are associated with preference. The implications for organization human resource policy and social policy are discussed

Repurposing Typical Institutional Hall As Temporary Covid-19 Quarantine Stations In Johor: A Review Study In KKTM

The current situation of the world with the pandemic of COVID 19 has brought a mass conversion of places as a temporary shelter recently. In Malaysia, the list of gazetted sites by the government for the COVID quarantine stations were being retrieved in March 2020 to facilitate Ministry of Health in coping with the sporadic diseases. To achieve lower production cost and rapid execution of disaster shelter for the pandemic, possible open plan spaces in institutional building will be identified to perform temporary medical shelter. Resuscitation area, wards, pharmacy, x-ray room, staff room and meeting rooms are among the required spaces in determining the medical layout planning of the particular quarantine station. A descriptive and qualitative design was being used based on the literature review and case studies in order to get the information and to identify clear demarcation of circulation and movement in the quarantine station. Ultimately, foreseeing holistic changes and novel solutions in construction industry in Malaysia, this result will contribute to further assist authorities to gazette other institutional hall as transitional stay which will be become the norms nowadays

Changes in Employment Security in Asia

Much attention has been focused on the decline of traditional employment structures in the advanced industrial countries. Lesser attention has focused on this issue in Asia. In this comparative essay, the authors examine the changes in employment security in China, India, Japan, and South Korea. They focus on the historical development of the employment security social contract in these countries, noting the institutional features that gave rise to it in each country. They then examine the resilience of employment security norms under recent economic pressures. They find there has been substantial erosion in employment security during the 1990s in all four countries due to both increased competition and economic liberalization, although there is some variation in both the rate of erosion as well as the prospects for revival of the social contract. They assess the possibilities of a revival in this particular social contract, and the impact of the erosion on unorganized workers

Self-reported Satisfaction and the Economic Crisis of 2007-09 : How People in the UK and Germany Perceive a Severe Cyclical Downturn

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Part time employment and happiness: A cross-country analysis

The relationship between part time employment and job satisfaction is analysed for mothers in Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands, Finland, France, Spain and the UK. The impact of working part time on subjective life satisfaction and mental well-being is additionally analysed for British mothers. Cultural traditions concerning women´s role in society, and institutional differences between the countries are exploited. Results indicate that poor quality jobs can diminish any positive well-being repercussions of part time employment. The results additionally suggest that part time mothers in the UK experience higher levels of job satisfaction but not of overall life satisfaction as compared to their full time counterparts

Temporary job protection and productivity growth in EU economies

The present study examines cross-national and sectoral differences in Total Factor Productivity (TFP) in fourteen European countries and ten sectors from 1995 to 2007. The main aim is to ascertain the role of employment protection of temporary contracts on TFP by estimating their effects with a “difference-in-difference” approach. Results show that deregulation of temporary contracts negatively influences the growth rates of TFP in European economies and that, within sectoral analysis, the role of this liberalization is greater in industries where firms are more used to opening short-term positions. By contrast, in our observation period, restrictions on regular jobs do not cause significant effects on TFP, whereas limited regulation of product markets and higher R&D expenses positively affect efficiency growth.