Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach. ve Usnea intermedia (A.Massal.) Jatta Likenlerinin Antimikrobiyal Aktiviteleri Üzerine Araştırmalar

Bu çalışmada Bursa-Uludağ Milli Park civarından toplanan Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach. ve Usnea intermedia (A.Massal.) Jatta likenlerinin Bacillus cereus ATCC 7064, Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 14580, Citrobacter freundii ATCC 8090, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Escherichia coli ATCC 25992, Klebsiella oxytoca ATCC 8724, Listeria innocua ATCC 33090, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 8427, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Salmonella enteridis ATCC 13076, Salmonella typhimurium CCM 5445, Shigella flexneri ATCC 12022, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538P, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 3699, Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 19615, Yersinia pestis ATCC 19428, Candida albicans ATCC 90028, Candida glabrata ATCC 90030, Candida lipolytica ATCC 8660, Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019, Candida tropicalis ATCC 4563, Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC 32045, Debaryomyces hansenii DSM 70238, Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 9796 türlerine karşı antimikrobiyal aktiviteleri araştırılmıştır. Bulgulara göre; Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach. likeninin en yüksek antimikrobiyal aktivitesi Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13076 ve Candida albicans ATCC 90028 türlerine karşı bulunurken, Usnea intermedia (A.Massal) Jatta likeninin en yüksek antimikrobiyal aktivitesi Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 19615 ve Candida albicans ATCC 90028 türlerinde ölçülmüştür. Liken türlerinin diğer tüm mikroorganizmalara karşı farklı seviyelerde antimikrobiyal aktivite gösterdikleri saptanmıştır

Efecto antifúngico in vitro sobre el crecimiento en Candida albicans ATTC 90028, Candida glabrata ATCC 90030 y Candida krusei ATCC 6258 expuestas al propóleos de Oxapampa a las 24, 48 y 120 horas

Se conoce el reciente aumento de las enfermedades que comprometen el sistema inmunológico, así como el brote de candidiasis del tipo Candida albicans y no albicans, su renuencia al tratamiento y los molestos síntomas que se presentan. Se sabe también los efectos adversos de los antimicóticos para contrarrestarla. El presente estudio tiene por objetivo evaluar el efecto antifúngico del extracto etanólico del propóleos de Oxapampa in vitro sobre las cepas de Candida albicans ATTC 90028, Candida glabrata ATCC 90030 y Candida krusei ATCC 6258, a las 24, 48 y 120 horas. Se utilizó el método de agar dilución en placas con controles negativo y positivo; y se realizaron lecturas a las 24, 48 y 120 horas. El extracto etanólico de Oxapampa, con una concentración mínima inhibitoria de 12 mg/ml al 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 y 30 %, presenta inhibición completa en el crecimiento in vitro contra las cepas de Candida albicans ATTC 90028, e inhibición parcial en el crecimiento de los otros tipos Candida, como Candida glabrata ATCC 90030 y Candida krusei ATCC 6258, observadas a las 24, 48 y 120 horas (p<0,05). En este estudio podemos concluir que el extracto etanólico de propóleos (EEP) de Oxapampa presenta actividad antifúngica in vitro contra las cepas de Candida albicans ATTC 90028

Eradication of Candida albicans persister cell biofilm by the membranotropic peptide gH625

Biofilm formation poses an important clinical trouble due to resistance to antimicrobial agents; therefore, there is an urgent demand for new antibiofilm strategies that focus on the use of alternative compounds also in combination with conventional drugs. Drug-tolerant persisters are present in Candida albicans biofilms and are detected following treatment with high doses of amphotericin B. In this study, persisters were found in biofilms treated with amphotericin B of two clinical isolate strains, and were capable to form a new biofilm in situ. We investigated the possibility of eradicating persister-derived biofilms from these two Candida albicans strains, using the peptide gH625 analogue (gH625-M). Confocal microscopy studies allowed us to characterize the persister-derived biofilm and understand the mechanism of interaction of gH625-M with the biofilm. These findings confirm that persisters may be responsible for Candida biofilm survival, and prove that gH625-M was very effective in eradicating persister-derived biofilms both alone and in combination with conventional antifungals, mainly strengthening the antibiofilm activity of fluconazole and 5-flucytosine. Our strategy advances our insights into the development of effective antibiofilm therapeutic approaches

Efficacy of different vinegar solutions in removal of Candida albicans from denture acrylic resin

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Msc (Dent) (OMP) Johannesburg,2018.Background and Aims: Denture hygiene has become an important aspect in managing patients who often present with signs of denture stomatitis associated with Candida infection. There is a need for denture disinfectants which are of low cost and are easily accessible to denture wearers. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of different vinegar solutions in removal of C. albicans from denture acrylic resin. Materials and Methods: Hundred and ninety-two acrylic plates were used. White wine vinegar (6%), rice vinegar (5.5%), and apple cider vinegar (5%) were used as disinfectants. Distilled water and 0.2% Chlorhexidine were used as controls. Cultures of C. albicans ATCC 90028 and a HIV strains were grown in Saboraud’s dextrose agar. Sterile acrylic resin plates were immersed in test tubes and 200μl of C. albicans suspension was added to each tube. Contaminated acrylic plates were divided into 5 groups of 6 plates each. Plates were immersed in 20 ml of white wine vinegar (WWV), Rice vinegar (RV), Apple cider vinegar (ACV), sterile distilled H2O, and chlorhexidine (CHX). These were incubated at room temperature for 30minutes, 1 hour and 8hours. Two non-exposed plates were included as controls. Results: ACV, WWV and RV equally eliminated both C. albicans ATCC 90028 and HIV strains from acrylic plates at 8 hours (% Kill=100). All tested vinegars failed to completely eliminate C. albicans strains at 30 minutes and 1 hour, with no statistical significant difference for ATCC strain(p<0.05) and with statistical difference for ACV (p=0.03) and RV (p=0.01) respectively for HIV strain. CHX completely eliminated ATCC strain at all tested times (%=100), but failed to completely eliminate HIV strain at 30 minutes and 1 hour. Sterile water, a negative control failed to completely eliminate both C. albicans strains at all tested times. Conclusions: The results of the current study confirm that vinegar can be used to remove C. albicans from dentures, if used for 8 hours.LG201

Alginate Oligosaccharides modify hyphal infiltration of Candida albicans in an in vitro model of invasive Human Candidosis

AIMS: A novel alginate oligomer (OligoG CF-5/20) has been shown to potentiate antifungal therapy against a range of fungal pathogens. The current study assessed the effect of this oligomer on in vitro virulence factor expression and epithelial invasion by Candida species. METHODS AND RESULTS: Plate substrate assays and epithelial models were used to assess Candida albicans (CCUG 39343 and ATCC 90028) invasion, in conjunction with confocal laser scanning microscopy and histochemistry. Expression of candidal virulence factors was determined biochemically and by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Changes in surface charge of C. albicans following OligoG treatment were analysed using electrophoretic light scattering. OligoG induced marked alterations in hyphal formation in the substrate assays and reduced invasion in the epithelial model (P 0·05), qPCR demonstrated a reduction in phospholipase B (PLB2) and SAPs (SAP4 and SAP6) expression. CONCLUSION: OligoG CF-5/20 reduced in vitro virulence factor expression and invasion by C. albicans. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: These results, and the previously described potentiation of antifungal activity, define a potential therapeutic opportunity in the treatment of invasive candidal infections

Candida albicans promotes invasion and colonisation of Candida glabrata in a reconstituted human vaginal epithelium

The principal aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro co-infection of a reconstituted human vaginal epithelium (RHVE) by Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. Methods The ability of both species to invade and colonise the RHVE was examined using species-specific peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probe hybridisation, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and a novel qRT-PCR protocol for Candida quantification in the tissues. RHVE damage was evaluated by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. Candida virulence gene expression (HWP1, ALS, EPA, PLB, PLD and SAP) was evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR. Results The results showed that whilst both species induced damage to the RHVE, this was notably less with C. glabrata. Interestingly, there was a significant increase in C. glabrata RHVE colonisation and invasiveness when it was added to the tissue with C. albicans. The extent of RHVE damage caused by the two species appeared to be primarily dependent on the process of invasion. Of the virulence genes assayed, HWP1, PLD1 and ALS3 were deemed to be most associated with pathogenicity in the model. Conclusions For the first time, we have demonstrated that the RHVE model coupled with specific tools of analysis, allows assessment of Candida colonisation and invasion in single and co-infection. Using this model we have demonstrated that C. albicans enhanced C. glabrata colonisation, invasion and tissue damage, which was also evidenced by the expression of virulence genes.We would like to thank Mrs Kath Allsopp for processing and sectioning tissue samples. This work was supported by the research grant SFRH/BD/72742/2010 from "Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT)", Portugal. This work was supported by the Programa Operacional, Fatores de competitividade - COMPETE and by national funds through FCT - Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia on the scope of the projects FCT PTDC/EBB-EBI/120495/2010, PTDC/SAU-MIC/119069/2010, RECI/EBB-EBI/0179/2012 and PEst-OE/EQB/LA0023/2013. The authors thank the Project "Bio-Health - Biotechnology and Bioengineering approaches to improve health quality", Ref. NORTE-07-0124-FEDER-000027, co-funded by the Programa Operacional Regional do Norte (ON.2 - O Novo Norte), QREN, FEDER

Efecto inhibitorio in vitro del extracto etanólico de caesalpinia spinosa (“tara”) sobre cepa de candida albicans ATCC 90028

Comparar el efecto antimicrobiano in vitrode cuatro concentraciones del extracto etanólico de Caesalpinia spinosa frente a Candida albicans ATCC 90028. Material y Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio de tipocomparativo, longitudinal,prospectivo, experimental. La población estaba conformada por el conjunto de placas inoculadas con las cepas de Candida albicans, aplicándoseles el extracto etanólico de Caesalpinia spinosa (tara) observando su efecto antibacteriano para dichas cepas. Resultados: En el presente trabajo se observó que el extracto etanólico de Caesalpinia spinosa (tara) tuvo efecto inhibitorio in vitro frente a Candida albicans, al utilizar las diferentes concentraciones (25%, 50%, 75% y 100%), y este efecto se incrementa en relación directamente proporcional a las concentraciones utilizadas en el estudio, dando como CMI el 50%. Con respecto a los halos de inhibición, al medirlos según escala de Durafford, se logró obtener una sensibilidad media (++) en las concentraciones de 75% y 100% y una sensibilidad limite en las concentraciones de 25% y 50%. Conclusiones:En el presente trabajo se demuestra que el extracto etanólico de Caesalpinia spinosa (Tara) presenta efecto inhibitorio in vitro frente a cepas de Candida albicans ATCC 90028, siendo la CMI del 50%.Comparing the antimicrobial effect in vitro of four concentrations of the etanol extract of Caesalpinia spinosa against Candida albicans ATCC 90028. Methods:Was conduced a comparative, longitudinal, prospective, experimental investigation. The study population was conformed by all inoculated with strains of Candida albicans plates. And generally apply the etanol extract of Caesalpinia spinosa (tara) observing its antibacterial effect for these strains. Results: In this study it wasobserved that the etanol extract of Caesalpinia spinosa (tara) had inhibitory effect in vitro against Candida albicans, using different concentrations (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%), and this effect increases directly proportional to the concentrations used in the study ratio, leading to 50% CMI. With respect to inhibition halos, when measured according Durafford scale, was achieved to obtain a mean sensitivity (++) in concentrations of 75% and 100 % and a sensitivity limit in the concentrations of 25% and 50 % Conclusions: In the present work demonstrates that the etanol extract of Caesalpinia spinosa (Tara) has inhibitory effect in vitro against strains of Candida albicans ATCC 90028, with the CMI 50%Tesi

Screening for Anticandidal and Antibiofilm Activity of Some Herbs in Thailand

Purpose: To evaluate the anticandidal activity of the ethanol extracts of 12 herbs from Thailand.Methods: The herbs studied were Alpinia galanga, Curcuma longa,  Curcuma zedoaria, Mentha cordifolia, Ocimum africanum, Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum sanctum, Piper betle, Piper chaba, Piper nigrum, Piper sarmentosum and Zingiber officinale. Various Candida spp. were examined for minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) using microdilution method; time-kill assay was also used to assess the plants. Antibiofilm activity was investigated using a 3-[4, 5- dimethyl-2-thiazolyl]-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium-bromide (MTT assay). Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, thin layer chromatography (TLC) fingerprinting and TLC-bioautography were used to determine the active anticandidal compounds.Results: All tested herbs, except extracts of P. nigrum and Limiaceae family, showed varying zones of inhibition against Candida albicans ATCC 90028. P. betle revealed the strongest anticandidal activity against all tested strains with MIC ranging from 1.56 to 3.13 mg/ml, and MFC from 3.13 to 8.33 mg/ml. Killing activity depended on time and concentrations of the extract. The concentration of P. betle extract required to inhibit . 90 % biofilm formation of C. albicans ATCC 90028 was 3.13 } 0.15 mg/ml, while that to remove . 90 % biofilm growth was 12.50 } 0.69 mg/ml. The result of GC-MS analysis showed the major compound of P. betle extract responsible for anticandidal activity as 4-chromanol.Conclusion: P. betle extract contains 4-chromanol which is a good potential anticandidal agent for the treatment of oral infectious diseases caused by certain Candida spp.Keywords: Piper betle, 4-Chromanol, Anticandida, Biofilm, Candidiasis, Herb

Antifungal activity of some Sternbergia taxa: effects on germ tube and biofilm formation

Natural products are rapidly becoming the primary sources of novel antimicrobial agents, as resistance to existing antimicrobial agents is increasing. Apart from determining the antimicrobial activity of natural products, it is also important to understand their effects on the virulence factors of microorganisms. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of Sternbergia species prevalent in Turkey and investigate their role in the inhibition of germination tube and biofilm formation, both of which are known to be important virulence factors of Candida albicans. The antimicrobial activities of the plant extracts were evaluated using bore-plate and broth microdilution method. The extracts’ capacity to inhibit the formation of the germ-tube was also evaluated. The findings of our study revealed that Sternbergia lutea, Sternbergia vernalis possessed antimicrobial activities, with MIC values ranging between 0.048 mg/mL and 0.39 mg/mL. The highest antimicrobial activity was observed against Candida dubliniensis (0.048 mg/mL). While evaluating the inhibition of fungal germination activities, S. vernalis extract (at a concentration of 0.09 mg/mL) was found to be the most effective against C. albicans ATCC 90028 strain. The results also indicated that S. vernalis extracts at sub-MIC levels inhibited germ tube formation and modulated the tail-length of germinated cells, both of which are important virulence factors of C. albicans. Furthermore, the inhibition of biofilm-formation was also investigated, and it was found that two Sternbergia spp. extracts at or below MIC levels inhibited biofilm formation

Rice vinegar removes Candida albicans from denture acrylic resins

Denture stomatitis, mainly caused by Candida albicans, often affect denture wearers. To manage these patients, denture hygiene is of utmost importance. There is a need for low cost, easily accessible denture disinfectants. To investigate the efficacy of rice vinegar and other disinfecting solutions in removing C. albicans from acrylic resins. Hundred and eighty acrylic resin plates were contaminated with C. albicans strains and divided into five groups. These were immersed in apple cider vinegar (ACV), white wine vinegar (WWV), rice vinegar (RV), chlorhexidine (CHX), and sterile distilled H2O (control). The plates were incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes, 1 hour and 8 hours. Candida removing ability of the disinfecting solutions was evaluated, and data was analyzed using two-way ANOVAwith Tukey post-test. Significance level of p&lt; 0.05 was used. RV, ACV, WWV and CHX showed the highest efficacy (100%) in removing both C. albicans strains at 8 hours (p&gt;0.05). CHX was the most effective disinfectant in removing both C. albicans strains at 30 minutes, 1 hour, and 8 hours (99%-100%). RV was as effective as ACV, WWV and CHX in removing C. albicans from acrylic plates at 8 hours