Combining a land parcel cellular automata (LP-CA) model with participatory approaches in the simulation of disruptive future scenarios of urban land use change

Urban development is a process that becomes increasingly complex as the city evolves and in which unexpected events can happen which may alter the envisaged trend over time. To anticipate and examine the sudden emergence of processes that are difficult to predict over long-term future timelines, prospective methodologies are required to manage and implement disruptive narrative storylines in future scenario planning. In this research, a method that combines Land Parcel Cellular Automata (LP-CA) and participatory approaches was developed in order to generate land use trajectories that are spatially consistent with disruptive narrative storylines. The urban-industrial corridor of Henares (Spain), which has undergone important urban transformations in recent decades, was chosen as the study area to test the model. In a preliminary validation of the LP-CA model, a Figure of Merit (FOM) value of 0.2817 indicated satisfactory performance. The results demonstrated the usefulness of the participatory scenario-building and the workshop in supporting the configuration of the model parameters and the spatial representation of complex urban dynamics. In conclusion, this methodology can be used to generate simulations of urban land use change in disruptive future scenarios and to spatially observe the propagation of the uncertainty associated with future events across different urban land uses.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities and the European Social Fund [grant number PRE2018–084663]; the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness [TRANSURBAN Project CSO2017–86914-C2–1-P]; and the “Estímulo a la Excelencia para Profesores Universitarios Permanentes” research programme funded by the University of Alcal´a and the Regional Government of Madrid [grant number EPU-INV/2020/009]

Linnade laienemine Eestis: seire, analüüs ja modelleerimine

Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsiooneLinnade laienemine, mida iseloomustab vähese tihedusega, ruumiliselt ebaühtlane ja hajutatud areng linna piiridest välja. Kuna linnade laienemine muudab põllumajandus- ja metsamaid ning väikesed muutused linnapiirkondades võivad pikaajaliselt mõjutada elurikkust ja maastikku, on hädavajalik seirata linnade ruumilist laienemist ning modelleerida tulevikku, saamaks ülevaadet suundumustest ja tagajärgedest pikemas perspektiivis. Eestis võeti pärast taasiseseisvumist 1991. aastal vastu maareformi seadus ning algas “maa” üleandmine riigilt eraomandisse. Sellest ajast peale on Eestis toimunud elamupiirkondade detsentraliseerimine, mis on mõjutanud Tallinna ümbruse põllumajandus- ja tööstuspiirkondade muutumist, inimeste elustiili muutusi ning jõukate inimeste elama asumist ühepereelamutesse Tallinna, Tartu ja Pärnu lähiümbruse. Selle aja jooksul on Eesti rahvaarv vähenenud 15,31%. Käesoleva doktoritöö eesmärgiks on "jälgida, analüüsida ja modelleerida Eesti linnade laienemist viimase 30 aasta jooksul ning modelleerida selle tulevikku", kasutades paljusid modelleerimismeetodeid, sealhulgas logistilist regressiooni, mitmekihilisi pertseptronnärvivõrke, rakkautomaate, Markovi ahelate analüüsi, mitme kriteeriumi. hindamist ja analüütilise hierarhia protsesse. Töö põhineb neljal originaalartiklil, milles uuriti linnade laienemist Eestis. Tegu on esimese põhjaliku uuringuga Eesti linnade laienemise modelleerimisel, kasutades erinevaid kaugseireandmeid, mõjutegureid, parameetreid ning modelleerimismeetodeid. Kokkuvõtteks võib öelda, et uusehitiste hajumismustrid laienevad jätkuvalt suuremate linnade ja olemasolevate elamupiirkondade läheduses ning põhimaanteede ümber.Urban expansion is characterized by the low–density, spatially discontinued, and scattered development of urban-related constructions beyond the city boundaries. Since urban expansion changes the agricultural and forest lands, and slight changes in urban areas can affect biodiversity and landscape on a regional scale in the long-term, spatiotemporal monitoring of urban expansion and modeling of the future are essential to provide insights into the long-term trends and consequences. In Estonia, after the regaining independence in 1991, the Land Reform Act was passed, and the transfer of “land” from the state to private ownership began. Since then, Estonia has experienced the decentralization of residential areas affecting the transformation of agricultural and industrial regions around Tallinn, changes in people's lifestyles, and the settling of wealthy people in single-family houses in the suburbs of Tallinn, Tartu, and Pärnu. During this period, Estonia's population has declined dramatically by 15.31%. Therefore, this dissertation aims to "monitor, analyze and model Estonian urban expansion over the last 30 years and simulate its future" using many modeling approaches including logistic regression, multi-layer perceptron neural networks, cellular automata, Markov chain Analysis, multi-criteria evaluation, and analytic hierarchy process. The thesis comprises four original research articles that studied urban expansion in Estonia. So far, this is the first comprehensive study of modeling Estonian urban expansion utilizing various sets of remotely sensed data, driving forces and predictors, and modeling approaches. The scattering patterns of new constructions are expected to continue as the infilling form, proximate to main cities and existing residential areas and taking advantage of main roads in future.https://www.ester.ee/record=b550782

Aplicación de un modelo basado en autómatas celulares irregulares para la simulación de escenarios futuros de cambios de uso de suelo urbano

La urbanización es uno de los fenómenos más drásticos de transformación del territorio. En las últimas décadas, este fenómeno ha experimentado un aumento vertiginoso. Según indica el informe más reciente de World Urbanization Prospects de Naciones Unidas, se estima que el 68,4% de la población mundial vivirá en zonas urbanas en 2050. Además, se prevé que dicha población se duplique en los países desarrollados y se triplique en los países en vías de desarrollo. Todo ello ha supuesto impactos irreversibles sobre el territorio, afectando enormemente al conjunto de la sociedad en términos de gestión y acceso a recursos, problemas de índole social y económica, contaminación ambiental, etc. Ante esta situación, se ha observado un creciente interés por el desarrollo y mejora de instrumentos que den soporte a la toma de decisiones y a la gestión de las áreas urbanas. Uno de los instrumentos más empleados para este fin ha sido la planificación de escenarios futuros. Este permite conocer cómo podría afectar la evolución de los usos del suelo urbano a la configuración de los patrones espaciales bajo distintas perspectivas futuras. Con este enfoque, la planificación de escenarios trata de reducir la incertidumbre facilitando la toma de medidas proactivas para minimizar los posibles impactos territoriales. No obstante, la planificación de escenarios puede verse limitada ante un futuro complejo e incierto si todos los escenarios se mantienen muy próximos a una proyección tendencial. Como ejemplo, el surgimiento de acontecimientos inesperados puede llegar a inhabilitar la utilidad de una planificación lineal basada únicamente en tendencias pasadas. Por dicha razón, y para gestionar de la mejor manera posible los futuros desarrollos urbanos (no) deseados, el pensamiento disruptivo debe formar parte del proceso de previsión, rompiendo así con la linealidad de los acontecimientos actuales para abarcar lo inesperado. Como parte del proceso de planificación urbana, los modelos de simulación intentan representar el desarrollo futuro de las ciudades para garantizar que puedan desarrollarse de manera eficiente y sostenible. De ellos, los modelos basados en Autómatas Celulares (AC) se encuentran entre los más utilizados como apoyo a la gestión de las áreas urbanas. Estos modelos han experimentado una importante flexibilización, adaptándose a entornos irregulares (parcelario catastral) para ofrecer simulaciones de cambio de uso del suelo urbano a escala local. En esta línea, son cada vez más los estudios que combinan escenarios narrativos con tareas de modelización de manera participativa, y todo ello con la finalidad de obtener resultados más realistas que contemplen los actuales retos que afronta la planificación urbana. Sin embargo, es difícil que estos modelos consideren por sí solos la amplia gama de factores que intervienen en la evolución futura de las zonas urbanas, especialmente cuando tratan de representar escenarios imaginativos y disruptivos. Ante la situación actual en la que se encuentra la planificación espacial de escenarios urbanos, la presente investigación desarrolla e implementa una metodología que trata de cubrir algunos de los huecos más notables que se observan en este ámbito de estudio. En primer lugar, se presenta un estudio basado en el diseño y cartografiado de escenarios disruptivos a través de un taller participativo donde colaboraron conjuntamente expertos de diversos ámbitos relacionados con el urbanismo y el transporte. Los resultados derivados de dicho taller se analizaron mediante un método estadístico denominado Regresión Logística Geográficamente Ponderada (RLGP) con el objetivo de determinar los principales factores que explican la localización de los usos del suelo urbano en los distintos escenarios disruptivos. Posteriormente se emplearon los resultados del análisis previo para calibrar un nuevo modelo desarrollado basado en AC vectoriales, denominado Land Parcel – Cellular Automata (LP-CA). Este se encarga de simular a futuro diferentes escenarios imaginativos y disruptivos reproduciendo dinámicas urbanas de crecimiento, cambio y pérdida de usos del suelo. Al mismo tiempo, se aplicó una metodología de validación parcial para observar la robustez del modelo respecto a la influencia de los factores en las simulaciones. Finalmente, se aplicó una metodología innovadora diseñada para evaluar los diferentes escenarios disruptivos. Esta emplea métricas espaciales multiescalares basadas en el uso de ventanas móviles aplicadas a nivel de parcela que permiten caracterizar la diversidad y el tipo de expansión urbana. La metodología desarrollada fue aplicada a un sector del Corredor del Henares (España), empleándose este como laboratorio territorial experimental. Los resultados han demostrado la utilidad de la integración de escenarios disruptivos en la planificación espacial para mostrar contrastes entre los diferentes escenarios, destacando la utilidad de las visiones y del taller de cartografiado participativo en la representación espacial de la cantidad y dirección del crecimiento de los usos urbanos y la organización de la red de transporte. De manera complementaria, el análisis estadístico mediante RLGP permitió un ajuste relevante del parámetro de aptitud en el modelo de simulación, hecho que favoreció una calibración más adaptada a cada escenario. En cuanto a los avances desarrollados para el modelo LP-CA, las simulaciones lograron reproducir satisfactoriamente dinámicas urbanas disruptivas (además de crecimiento, transformación de usos y abandono). Los patrones espaciales generados se ajustaron a los escenarios narrativos descritos. Adicionalmente, el análisis de sensibilidad constató la incidencia equilibrada de todos los factores en las simulaciones generadas por el modelo LP-CA. Por último, la evaluación de escenarios permitió caracterizar en profundidad y realizar comparaciones más detalladas de las implicaciones territoriales de cada escenario en lo que respecta a la diversidad y al tipo de expansión urbana. En conclusión, la información proporcionada por esta investigación aporta nuevas herramientas y mejora algunos de los métodos ya existentes dentro de la planificación espacial de escenarios. Concretamente, ofrece una novedosa metodología capaz de generar simulaciones de crecimiento y cambio en los usos del suelo urbano para escenarios futuros disruptivos. Los resultados facilitan la observación de la propagación espacial de la incertidumbre asociada a los eventos futuros a través de los patrones que configuran los nuevos usos del suelo. En definitiva, trata de extraer información compleja de diferentes enfoques de evolución urbana futura, presentándola de manera sencilla para que pueda ser empleada por los responsables de la toma de decisiones

Spatially optimised sustainable urban development

PhD ThesisTackling urbanisation and climate change requires more sustainable and resilient cities, which in turn will require planners to develop a portfolio of measures to manage climate risks such as flooding, meet energy and greenhouse gas reduction targets, and prioritise development on brownfield sites to preserve greenspace. However, the policies, strategies and measures put in place to meet such objectives can frequently conflict with each other or deliver unintended consequences, hampering long-term sustainability. For example, the densification of cities in order to reduce transport energy use can increase urban heat island effects and surface water flooding from extreme rainfall events. In order to make coherent decisions in the presence of such complex multi-dimensional spatial conflicts, urban planners require sophisticated planning tools to identify and manage potential trade-offs between the spatial strategies necessary to deliver sustainability. To achieve this aim, this research has developed a multi-objective spatial optimisation framework for the spatial planning of new residential development within cities. The implemented framework develops spatial strategies of required new residential development that minimize conflicts between multiple sustainability objectives as a result of planning policy and climate change related hazards. Five key sustainability objectives have been investigated, namely; (i) minimizing risk from heat waves, (ii) minimizing the risk from flood events, (iii) minimizing travel costs in order to reduce transport emissions, (iv) minimizing urban sprawl and (v) preventing development on existing greenspace. A review identified two optimisation algorithms as suitable for this task. Simulated Annealing (SA) is a traditional optimisation algorithm that uses a probabilistic approach to seek out a global optima by iteratively assessing a wide range of spatial configurations against the objectives under consideration. Gradual ‘cooling’, or reducing the probability of jumping to a different region of the objective space, helps the SA to converge on globally optimal spatial patterns. Genetic Algorithms (GA) evolve successive generations of solutions, by both recombining attributes and randomly mutating previous generations of solutions, to search for and converge towards superior spatial strategies. The framework works towards, and outputs, a series of Pareto-optimal spatial plans that outperform all other plans in at least one objective. This approach allows for a range of best trade-off plans for planners to choose from. ii Both SA and GA were evaluated for an initial case study in Middlesbrough, in the North East of England, and were able to identify strategies which significantly improve upon the local authority’s development plan. For example, the GA approach is able to identify a spatial strategy that reduces the travel to work distance between new development and the central business district by 77.5% whilst nullifying the flood risk to the new development. A comparison of the two optimisation approaches for the Middlesbrough case study revealed that the GA is the more effective approach. The GA is more able to escape local optima and on average outperforms the SA by 56% in in the Pareto fronts discovered whilst discovering double the number of multi-objective Pareto-optimal spatial plans. On the basis of the initial Middlesbrough case study the GA approach was applied to the significantly larger, and more computationally complex, problem of optimising spatial development plans for London in the UK – a total area of 1,572km2. The framework identified optimal strategies in less than 400 generations. The analysis showed, for example, strategies that provide the lowest heat risk (compared to the feasible spatial plans found) can be achieved whilst also using 85% brownfield land to locate new development. The framework was further extended to investigate the impact of different development and density regulations. This enabled the identification of optimised strategies, albeit at lower building density, that completely prevent any increase in urban sprawl whilst also improving the heat risk objective by 60% against a business as usual development strategy. Conversely by restricting development to brownfield the ability of the spatial plan to optimise future heat risk is reduced by 55.6% against the business as usual development strategy. The results of both case studies demonstrate the potential of spatial optimisation to provide planners with optimal spatial plans in the presence of conflicting sustainability objectives. The resulting diagnostic information provides an analytical appreciation of the sensitivity between conflicts and therefore the overall robustness of a plan to uncertainty. With the inclusion of further objectives, and qualitative information unsuitable for this type of analysis, spatial optimization can constitute a powerful decision support tool to help planners to identify spatial development strategies that satisfy multiple sustainability objectives and provide an evidence base for better decision making

Urban Informatics

This open access book is the first to systematically introduce the principles of urban informatics and its application to every aspect of the city that involves its functioning, control, management, and future planning. It introduces new models and tools being developed to understand and implement these technologies that enable cities to function more efficiently – to become ‘smart’ and ‘sustainable’. The smart city has quickly emerged as computers have become ever smaller to the point where they can be embedded into the very fabric of the city, as well as being central to new ways in which the population can communicate and act. When cities are wired in this way, they have the potential to become sentient and responsive, generating massive streams of ‘big’ data in real time as well as providing immense opportunities for extracting new forms of urban data through crowdsourcing. This book offers a comprehensive review of the methods that form the core of urban informatics from various kinds of urban remote sensing to new approaches to machine learning and statistical modelling. It provides a detailed technical introduction to the wide array of tools information scientists need to develop the key urban analytics that are fundamental to learning about the smart city, and it outlines ways in which these tools can be used to inform design and policy so that cities can become more efficient with a greater concern for environment and equity

Urban Informatics

This open access book is the first to systematically introduce the principles of urban informatics and its application to every aspect of the city that involves its functioning, control, management, and future planning. It introduces new models and tools being developed to understand and implement these technologies that enable cities to function more efficiently – to become ‘smart’ and ‘sustainable’. The smart city has quickly emerged as computers have become ever smaller to the point where they can be embedded into the very fabric of the city, as well as being central to new ways in which the population can communicate and act. When cities are wired in this way, they have the potential to become sentient and responsive, generating massive streams of ‘big’ data in real time as well as providing immense opportunities for extracting new forms of urban data through crowdsourcing. This book offers a comprehensive review of the methods that form the core of urban informatics from various kinds of urban remote sensing to new approaches to machine learning and statistical modelling. It provides a detailed technical introduction to the wide array of tools information scientists need to develop the key urban analytics that are fundamental to learning about the smart city, and it outlines ways in which these tools can be used to inform design and policy so that cities can become more efficient with a greater concern for environment and equity

Urban Informatics

This open access book is the first to systematically introduce the principles of urban informatics and its application to every aspect of the city that involves its functioning, control, management, and future planning. It introduces new models and tools being developed to understand and implement these technologies that enable cities to function more efficiently – to become ‘smart’ and ‘sustainable’. The smart city has quickly emerged as computers have become ever smaller to the point where they can be embedded into the very fabric of the city, as well as being central to new ways in which the population can communicate and act. When cities are wired in this way, they have the potential to become sentient and responsive, generating massive streams of ‘big’ data in real time as well as providing immense opportunities for extracting new forms of urban data through crowdsourcing. This book offers a comprehensive review of the methods that form the core of urban informatics from various kinds of urban remote sensing to new approaches to machine learning and statistical modelling. It provides a detailed technical introduction to the wide array of tools information scientists need to develop the key urban analytics that are fundamental to learning about the smart city, and it outlines ways in which these tools can be used to inform design and policy so that cities can become more efficient with a greater concern for environment and equity